Flaked Lithic Tools: Temporal-Spatial Dataset

Carl J. Phagan

Flaked Lithic Tools: Temporal-Spatial Dataset

Part of the Dolores Archaeological Program project

Year: 1985

Summary

The Reductive Technologies Group (RTG) was responsible for supporting the broad research goals of the DAP through the implementation of mid-level research design governing the collection and analysis of data from “artifacts which were manufactured by reductive, or subtractive techniques” (Phagan 1986a: 79). The RTG was headed by Roger A. Moore between 1978 and 1979; Carl J. Phagan assumed this position from 1979 to 1985, with the assistance of T. Homer Hruby between 1980 and 1984. Supporting work was provided by crew chiefs Gail G. Snyder and Phillip D. Neusius. Through two integrated analytic systems, the Reductive Technologies Group provided the “maximum latitude” (Phagan 1986a:81) needed to meet the scope of DAP research spanning the General Research Design (Phagan 1986b), Modeling Effort (Lipe 1981), and the 1978 Lithics Research Design (Knudson 1980). Stone tools represent a fairly stable cultural subsystem and significant changes in their production and use are not anticipated during the nearly 300 years of Anasazi occupation in the project area (ibid: 6). Analysis of their technological or functional characteristics has, however, provided meaningful information regarding the spatial and structural variability in Anasazi behavior. In the preliminary analysis system, a number of attribute categories were created for the purpose of documenting variability in the reductive techniques which give tools their utility. There are two basic types of stone tools recognized by the RTG; those characterized by useful surfaces and those with useful edges (Phagan and Hurby 1984:32). The functional edges of flaked-lithic tools are typically formed through abrading and grinding or flaking techniques and for the most part, are used for chopping, scraping, or cutting tasks. Refining the terms used to adequately and accurately characterize these edges, the adjoining surfaces which create them, and the objects on which they occur was an important goal of the RTG. Since lithic technology can be considered to extend beyond the aspects of production, the preliminary analysis system also includes several variables which incorporate aspects raw material procurement and tool use. Intensive analysis further differentiated between projectile points and flaked items exhibiting patterns of microwear. Additional variables, recorded during a series of RTG substantive studies (Phagan 1984a, 1984b; Vierra and Phagan 1984; Orth and Phagan 1984) and the DAP modeling project (Lipe 1984), comprise a third system of synthetic analysis.

The DAP flaked-lithic tool dataset is organized by attribute rather than complete item; it is the product of what Phagan and Hurby consider to be "an integrated set of procedures applied at different analytical intensities to technological categories of items in response to a flexible but limited range of archaeological concerns" (1984:6). As with all DAP datasets, flaked lithic tools come with basic provenience data that minimally includes components of their corresponding Smithsonian site number, a field specimen number, catalog number, and point location number if applicable.

In this case, a set of accepted conventions and terminology for describing and quantifying patterns in the archaeological record of the DAP area, otherwise known as program systematics in the DAP reports, has also been appended to the flaked-lithic tools dataset. The DAP systematics "package" actually incorporates a complimentary set of temporal, spatial, and site typological units into a "common frame of reference" (Kane 1986:353) for navigating the archaeological record of the project. These units have, in a sense, been converted into attributes and made available to users in a single location. The size and complexity of the temporal-spatial files such as this one are consequences of reducing a vast amount of archaeological data into a theoretical-based matrix of space and time. As a result, the interpretive power of these files should not be taken lightly (Wilshusen et al. 1999:147-148); but when used appropriately, the DAP's program systematics defines and develops the plot, and even delineates the chapters, of the historic narrative detailing this portion of the Dolores River Valley” ((Wilshusen et al. 1999:33).

Temporal-spatial designations for each item in the flaked-lithic tools dataset, supported by multiple lines of evidence, will be indicated by high confidence values; low ranked values are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination. Undisturbed cultural deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be denoted by high integrity values. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values.

Variables for the flaked-lithic tool: temporal-spatial dataset have been described by Wilshusen et al. (1999); see especially the section entitled "Flaked Lithic Artifacts" by Sarah B. Barber in Chapter 3. In most cases, hear descriptions are suitable for use as metadata and have been repeated almost verbatim here. Selected resources from the collection of published and unpublished DAP reports have been used for clarification in some cases and are appropriately referenced. The complexity of the temporal-spatial files is only minimally outlined here; anyone attempting to use the flaked-lithic tools temporal-spatial dataset should first consult Wilshusen et al. (1999:31-42) and Kane (1986:353-435).

Cite this Record

Flaked Lithic Tools: Temporal-Spatial Dataset. Carl J. Phagan. 1985 ( tDAR id: 6032) ; doi:10.6067/XCV8K072K6

Data Set Structure

Measurement Column

Count Column

Coded Column

Filename Column

Integration Column (has Ontology)

Table Information: dap-flaked-lithic-tools-temporal-spatial-dataset

Column Name	Data Type	Type	Category	Coding Sheet	Ontology	Search
fenum	Since features within a site are sequentially numbered, this variable allows enables users to identify the exact feature from which a flaked lithic tool was recovered.
fenum	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
rn	Groups of two or more nuclear family dwelling units, otherwise known as roomblocks, found in association with at least two pitstructure features were assigned sequential numbers within sites.
rn	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Feature ID/Number	none	none	true
sugrid	Used only when study units were excavated by grid squares, this number represents the coordinate value east in meters.
sugrid	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
uan	Since use areas within a site are sequentially numbered, flaked-lithic tool items can be linked to the specific use area from which they were recovered using this variable.
uan	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
weight	Weight is measured to the nearest gram and is most suited for use in association with whole flaked lithic items.
weight	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone : Weight	none	none	true
aan	Since activity areas within a site are sequentially numbered, items can be linked to the specific activity area from which they were recovered using this variable.
aan	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
hn	Flaked lithic tools that have been assigned to a household cluster were recovered from a recognized unit of space and facilities used by an individual household (Kane 1983: 12). Since household clusters within a site are sequentially numbered, this variable allows enables users to identify the household cluster from which a flaked lithic tool was recovered.
hn	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
ihn	Flaked lithic tools that have been assigned to an interhousehold cluster were recovered from a recognized unit of related households. This measure of social organization is partially based on a comparison of architectural style, artifact inventories, and activity area locations (Kane 1983: 13). Since interhousehold clusters within a site are sequentially numbered, this variable allows enables users to identify the exact interhousehold cluster from which a flaked lithic tool was recovered.
ihn	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
site	Site number refers only to the sequential position of a site within a single Smithsonian state and county designation. To obtain a full site number for any entry, this value must be appended to the Smithsonian state and county designation.
site	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
flag	This letter code corresponds to a specific project, site, or level of work conducted. Probability sampling, for instance, is the most commonly used code and is denoted by P.
flag	VARCHAR	Coded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
sunum	Instances of the same study unit type were sequentially numbered within a site.
sunum	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
catno	A unique catalog item number used for identification in the laboratory.
catno	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Lookup : Other	none	none	true
een	Since elements and episodes within a site are sequentially numbered, items can be linked to a specific interval of site use with this variable.
een	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
mpn1	Flaked lithic tools may be encompassed by units of analysis called modeling periods which were created largely for examining classes of temporally sensitive data. The seven modeling periods used by the DAP to represent temporal intervals ranging between 40 and 270 years.
mpn1	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
collect	This variable describes the manner in which an item was collected.
collect	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
fetype	This variable describes the feature associated with a flaked lithic tool.
fetype	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
lithmata	This variable is a modified version of the original flaked lithic tool petrological classification scheme that allows items to be grouped into four broad classes of lithic materials which includes hornfels, orthoquartzite, chert/chalcendony, and a collection of other types.
lithmata	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
suvert	Vertical excavation of each study unit may have been conducted with respect to natural strata, arbitrary levels, cultural surfaces, or full cuts. The vertical excavation strategy employed in the recovery of a flaked-lithic tool item is indicated by this variable.
suvert	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Recovery Method	none	none	true
tc	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the tradition assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
tc	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Date	none	none	true
csiteid	The Anasazi Heritage Center has given each specimen three unique codes, including csiteid, to facilitate management of their DAP collections. This value denotes the entry's corresponding Smithsonian site number.
csiteid	VARCHAR	Coded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
mpn	Flaked lithic tools may also be encompassed by a smaller unit of temporal analysis called the subperiod. These units range between 20 and 45 years and may incorporate combinations of subperiods, or combinations of whole periods. As a result, 80 combinations of 18 subperiods were used in various DAP analyses.
mpn	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
spefidb	Spefidb is a modified version of specific material ID values that was most likely used to differentiate between local cobbles, other nonspecific materials, and chert and quartzite materials from local Morrison and Burro sources.
spefidb	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone : Material	none	none	true
sufat	The study unit fill/assemblage type variable is used to characterize the cultural, post-abandonment, or mixed contexts from which flaked lithic tools were recovered.
sufat	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
ventral	A relative description of investment in the thinning of a flaked tool’s dorsal or ventral surface was based on the approximate amount of energy required to produce a particular appearance.
ventral	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone : Form	none	none	true
dorsal	A relative description of investment in the thinning of a flaked tool’s dorsal or ventral surface was based on the approximate amount of energy required to produce a particular appearance.
dorsal	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
edgedir	The RTG gave particular attention to the characteristics of a tool’s edge with the expectation that the direction of applied force in the production phase corresponds to major tool types or tasks.
edgedir	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
grain	This variable describes the size of grains in the lithic matrix for each entry and encompasses very coarse to fine grained examples.
grain	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
lithmat	With the exception of burned or altered specimens, each flaked lithic tool was identified to a “general petrological classification of rock material” (Phagan and Hurby 1984: 37). Petrologic classification, grain size, and specific lithologic/stratigraphic information were collectively used to evaluate the availability and use of raw lithic material.
lithmat	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
pl	The point location variable is a subdivision of the field specimen number that denotes an item or group of items of a significant type and/or context.
pl	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
st1	The frequency and duration of site use, known as site type 1 (ST1), may be characterized by a limited set of economic or social activities conducted at its location, its position within in the seasonal-based economic and social rounds of its occupants, or its suitability for permanent habitation.
st1	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
subarea	Sites excavated by subsections were given corresponding area designations. If further horizontal control was required, subarea numbers were sequentially assigned within each excavation area at each site.
subarea	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
sufap	The study unit fill/assemblage position variable is used to indicate the context from which data was collected relative to its position within the study unit being examined.
sufap	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Vertical Position	none	none	true
uat	Flaked lithic tools that have been assigned to a use area were recovered from a hierarchical unit of space used by individuals and task groups that incorporates multiple activity areas.
uat	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
caccnid	The Anasazi Heritage Center has given each specimen three unique codes, including caccnid, to facilitate management of their DAP collections. The first digits of this value indicates the year that it was accessioned.
caccnid	DOUBLE	Uncoded Value	Lookup : Other	none	none	true
aac	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the activity area assignment. However, this variable may not have been applicable to all entries for a variety of unspecified reasons. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
aac	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
spefidc	Spefidc is a modified version of specific material ID values that was most likely used to differentiate between local sources of raw material at a general level.
spefidc	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone : Material	none	none	true
cdept	The Anasazi Heritage Center has given each specimen three unique codes, including cdept, to facilitate management of their DAP collections. This value indicates the tool department to which each record belongs.
cdept	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Lookup	none	none	true
suhoriz	The horizontal excavation strategy employed in the recovery of a flaked-lithic tool item is indicated by this variable. Locus and segments are assigned a sequential number within each study unit. Half, strip, and quadrant designations are associated with one of eight cardinal directions. Coordinates in meters south are provided for grid square excavations. In some cases, excavations were conducted within grid squares tied to a numbered local datum.
suhoriz	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Recovery Method	none	none	true
sittype	The site type variable is used to combine type and subtype into a meaningful archaeological account of prehistoric group settlement behavior within the DAP area (Kane 1986).
sittype	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
aai	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its activity area designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries for a variety of unspecified reasons, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
aai	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
adhsns	Although rare, culturally significant adhesions on tools may include pigments, resins, fibrous materials, or other organic materials.
adhsns	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone : Other	none	none	true
area	Sites excavated by subsections have appropriate provenience information to this level that is found in the area and if necessary, subarea fields.
area	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
aat	Each entry in a temporal-spatial dataset is assigned to a use area type, which provides a hierarchical-based functional description of the context from which it was recovered. These contexts are the activity spaces used by individuals and task groups and are comprised of multiple activity areas. Use areas within a site are sequentially numbered and are accompanied by standard confidence and integrity assessments.
aat	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
ccc	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the community cluster assignment. However, this variable may not have been applicable to all entries for a variety of unspecified reasons. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
ccc	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
eec	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the element or episode assignment. However, this variable may not have been applicable to all entries for a variety of unspecified reasons. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
eec	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
cobjectid	The Anasazi Heritage Center has given each specimen three unique codes, including cobjectid, to facilitate management of their DAP collections. Since this value is used in association with the AHC ARGUS database for tracking the location of a record, it is important for any researcher requesting objects from the curator.
cobjectid	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Lookup	none	none	true
spefida	Spefida is a modified version of specific material ID values that was most likely used to differentiate between local and non-local raw material sources and several basic material types therein.
spefida	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone : Material	none	none	true
fevert	Vertical excavation of each study unit may have been conducted with respect to natural strata, arbitrary levels, cultural surfaces, or full cuts. These strategies are respectively indicated by a value of one through three, or nine in the first digit of a three-digit study unit vertical code. The final digits of this code refer to the sequential order in which these types of strategies were employed within a single study unit. Study unit level was only used when excavation by natural strata, cultural surface, or arbitrary levels required additional vertical control. A brief description of the cultural and natural surfaces encountered during excavation is given by a study unit surface type code.
fevert	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
hc	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the household cluster assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
hc	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
morpho	With the exception of items that were too damaged or fragmentary, each flaked lithic tool was assigned to a whole-item typological class based on “shape characteristics, technological characteristics, assumed functional correlates, and traditional Southwest artifact categories” (Phagan and Hurby 1984: 45-55). When a tool’s technological or morphological definition suggested a morpho-use value different from one based on function or tradition, the higher number of the two possible values was used.
morpho	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
mpc1	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the modeling period assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
mpc1	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
mpc2	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the modeling subperiod assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
mpc2	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
pc	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the phase assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
pc	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
pi	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its phase designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
pi	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
spc	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the subphase assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
spc	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Date	none	none	true
sutype	The DAP study unit type represents a culturally or arbitrarily defined provenience context that is also sequentially numbered by occurrence within each site.
sutype	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
ti	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its tradition designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
ti	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Date	none	none	true
uac	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the use area assignment. However, this variable may not have been applicable to all entries for a variety of unspecified reasons. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
uac	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
uai	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its use area designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries for a variety of unspecified reasons, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
uai	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
susurf	This variable specifies the study unit surface type, but is not necessarily applicable to each flaked-lithic tool item.
susurf	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Vertical Position	none	none	true
tn	Since traditions encompass the adaptations, social patterns and lifeways that represent an ethnic group (Kane 1986:359-360), it is important to keep in mind that these synthetic DAP units are not necessarily good measures of time. They may be thought of as units of culture incorporating general similarities within Paleoindian, Archaic, Anasazi, Shoshonean, Prehistoric Athabascan, Protohistoric, and Historic Anglo groups.
tn	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
hi	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its household cluster designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
hi	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
ihc	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the interhousehold cluster assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
ihc	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
spefid	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its subphase designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
spefid	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Date	none	none	true
spi	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its subphase designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
spi	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Date	none	none	true
spn	Phase and subphase units in the DAP temporal system are based on “broad similarities of cultural patterns among communities” (Kane 1986: 359). Thus, while phases and subphases do exhibit some degree of chronometric structure, they owe much of their utility to recognizable units of cultural materials. Subphases are situated within the context of a broader phase and incorporate familiar DAP terminology with other Southwestern temporal systems such as the Pecos Classification.
spn	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Date	none	none	true
st2	Unlike ST1, the range of codes used to specify site subtypes carry no interpretive value on their own. Instead, these values represent recognized archaeological correlates of the three basic units of site use that are only meaningful when used in association with variable ST1.
st2	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
stc1	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the site type assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
stc1	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
stc2	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the site subtype assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
stc2	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Horizontal Location	none	none	true
morphod	This variable is a modified version of the morphological-use classification that reclassifies flaked lithic items according to their function in the Anasazi system (Phagan and Hurby 1984: 55).
morphod	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
mpnew	In this version of the original modeling period, subperiods that begin in one modeling period and end in another are grouped with the latter modeling period.
mpnew	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
cci	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its community cluster designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries for a variety of unspecified reasons, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
cci	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
condtn	The condition of each item was recorded with the goal of “isolating and identifying patterns of tool breakage, which may be correlated with activity area, site function, or site abandonment” (Phagan and Hurby 1984: 55). The remnant portion of incomplete tools was recorded in the context of the whole item, assuming it could be conceptualized by the analyst.
condtn	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
core	Cores were described by the relative amount of energy invested in their preparation and use. Stylized examples demonstrate extensive control over a number of technological variables while specialized and unspecialized types reflect progressively less preparation.
core	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
edgepla	The placement of applied force was indicates the relative proportion of a tool’s edges produced by directional flaking.
edgepla	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
ccn	Flaked lithic tools that have been assigned to a community cluster were recovered from a recognized unit of “space, facilities, and architecture normally used by a community” (Kane 1983: 13). The tendency for settlements to become increasingly concentrated over time is reflected in the sequence of community cluster names that link recognized communities in the DAP area with established temporal periods.
ccn	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
eef	In the history of human occupation within the DAP area, cultural variability is traced through temporally and spatially diagnostic assemblages of cultural materials known as synthetic units. Perhaps more intuitively meaningful are the intervals of site use (element and episode) that comprise the basic units of the DAP temporal system. The episode is used to describe the short-term use of a site, usually for logistical or extractive purposes, and can be measured in hours or weeks. Extended occupations called elements, on the other hand, are marked by architectural investment and may range between 10 and 30 years. These EEF type designations are associated with familiar confidence and integrity values.
eef	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
eei	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its element or episode designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries for a variety of unspecified reasons, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
eei	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
fefat	The fill/assemblage type designations are essentially attempting to identify the primary formation processes contributing to the deposition of materials within each study unit, or feature in this case.
fefat	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
fehoriz	Provenienced data from a study unit, or in this case feature, was recovered through one of seven ways and is indicated by the first digit of a four-digit study unit horizontal code. In this category, consecutive numbers for locus and segment designations were assigned for each study unit. Strategies indicated by half, strip, and quadrant variables also contain associated directional information in the final digit of the study unit horizontal code. Beginning with north, these values correspond to eight cardinal directions read in a clockwise fashion. For provenienced data obtained from grid squares, including any grid squares tied to a local datum, grid coordinates south in meters are expressed as the final three digits of the study unit horizontal code. Grid-based provenience data also has a corresponding three-digit study unit grid value for eastern coordinates expressed in meters.
fehoriz	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
ihi	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its interhousehold cluster designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
ihi	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true
morphoa	This variable is a modified version of the morphological-use classification that ranks items according to the relative amount of effort required to produce their form. In this scheme, the level of investment decreases from projectile points to utilized flakes. The standardization provided by morphoa has been used to develop hypotheses about flaked lithic tool production behavior.
morphoa	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Chipped Stone	none	none	true
pn	Phase units in the DAP temporal system are based on “broad similarities of cultural patterns among communities” (Kane 1986: 359). Thus, while phases and subphases do exhibit some degree of chronometric structure, they owe much of their utility to recognizable units of cultural materials. Phases are situated within the context of a tradition and incorporate familiar DAP terminology with other Southwestern temporal systems such as the Pecos Classification.
pn	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
rc	This variable indicates the level of confidence in the roomblock assignment for each flaked lithic tool, if such a determination could be made. Temporal-spatial designations supported by multiple lines of evidence are indicated by high confidence values. Low ranked values on the other hand, are supported by “best guesses” and the experience of crew-members making the determination.
rc	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
ri	This variable represents the integrity of the context from which an item was recovered and is a relative measure of the purity of its roomblock designation. Undisturbed deposits provide the best contextual evidence for making temporal-spatial assignments and will be described as high integrity. Items recovered from deposits containing increasingly higher proportions of extraneous materials will be represented by lower integrity values. This variable may not have been applicable to all entries, but where contextual integrity has been specified, at least 50 percent of the original deposits were thought to be present.
ri	VARCHAR	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context : Context	none	none	true
fs	The most basic type of provenience data recorded for all information obtained during DAP fieldwork is the field specimen number. These values are sequentially assigned to unique vertical and horizontal locations within each site that are also meaningful from the viewpoint of the DAP research program.
fs	BIGINT	Uncoded Value	Provenience and Context	none	none	true