University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

This book publishes the results of 220 botanical samples from the 1993–2002 Gordion excavations directed by Mary Voigt. Together with Naomi Miller’s 2010 volume (Gordion Special Studies 5), this book completes the publication of botanical samples from Voigt’s excavations. The book aims to reconstruct agricultural decision making using archaeological and paleoenvironmental data from Gordion to describe environmental and agricultural changes at the site. Different political and economic systems...

A sample-by-sample reporting of charcoal identifications to accompany the book: Agricultural Sustainability and Environmental Change at Ancient Gordion. NOTE: Due to file formatting, please download the original datafile rather than the translated version.

A sample-by-sample reporting of flotation samples to accompany the book: Agricultural Sustainability and Environmental Change at Ancient Gordion. NOTE: Due to file formatting, please download the original datafile rather than the translated version.

TR27A reports upon goods used as markers of social status and goods used in ritual. It describes the splendid ornaments and insignia of jade, shell, pearls, and inscribed bone shown in representations on monuments and pottery vessels and recovered from the burials of Tikal's elites. Each artifact is described in the text, tabulated, and richly illustrated with drawings and photographs. An accompanying CD-ROM includes updated databases for all recovered objects, enabling the reader to discover...

Appendix 1, a text document, presents the structure of the combined artifact and provenience databases of 19 variables. Note that lot number and special deposit number are common to both the artifact and provenience databases.

Appendix 10 is an incomplete draft of the reconstruction of Tikal caches excavated prior to 1956. It includes an inventory of all monuments known to have undergone excavation before 1956 and describes associated caches. Many bibliographic entries do not appear in the References section of this Report. Moholy-Nagy has added text in brackets. Present-day usage substitutes the term “chert” for Coe’s “flint” and “prismatic blade” for A. V. Kidder’s “flake-blade.”

Appendix 11 is an incomplete draft of the typology and description of flint and obsidian eccentrics and incised obsidians. Objects included here are either representational or symbolic, figural, and non-figural, and are organized in this typology in three categories: Eccentric Flints, Eccentric Obsidians, and Incised Obsidians. Many bibliographic entries do not appear in the References section of this Report. Moholy-Nagy has added the texts in brackets. Present-day usage has substituted the...

Appendix 12 is an incomplete draft of the typology and description of shell Charlie Chaplin figurines. These are anthropomorphic, small, usually of exteriorly worked Spondylus shell, with incising, notching, grooving and drilling the technical repertory. However, many are plain, that is, the human form is silhouetted. A total of 538 shell figurines exist in the Tikal collection. With very few exceptions (notably Burial 10) these occur in cached offerings. Shell figurines are an outstanding...

Appendix 14, presents all of the 246 figures referred to in TR. 27A. The figures listed in italics on the Figure list in the front matter of this volume are also printed in it, while the others appear only on the CD-ROM.

Appendix 2, a text document, provides the codes used for the artifact and provenience database variables.

Appendix 3, a text document derived from a relational database, gives the proveniences of all defined lots that produced material other than potsherds. This database is an updated version of Appendix C on the CD-ROM accompanying TR. 27B, and it includes proveniences of artifacts reported in that volume. Codes for this database can be located in Appendices 1 (tDAR #: 377506) and 2 (tDAR #: 377507).

Appendix 4, a text document derived from a relational database, gives the proveniences of all lots defined as special deposits, that is, burials, caches, and problematical deposits. This database is an updated version of Appendix D on the CD-ROM accompanying TR. 27B, and it includes proveniences of artifacts reported in that volume. Codes for this database can be located in Appendices 1 (tDAR #: 377506) and 2 (tDAR #: 377507).

Appendix 5, a text document derived from a relational database, lists all of the artifacts reported in TR. 27A ordered by catalogue number. Codes for this database can be located in Appendices 1 (tDAR #: 377506) and 2 (tDAR #: 377507).

Appendix 6, PDF versions of excel spreadsheets, consists of tables generated from Appendix 5, which summarize artifact traits, proveniences, and dates for artifact types and varieties. These tables should be regarded as a sample of the informative associations that the reader can make. Codes for this database can be located in Appendices 1 (tDAR #: 377506) and 2 (tDAR #: 377507).

Appendix 7, Excel spreadsheets and text documents generated from Excel spreadsheets, consists of charts summarizing counts of reported artifacts and objects by material category, special deposit typologies, proveniences, and dates, and species identifications of shells, other marine invertebrates, and fishes.

Appendix 8, a text document, gives the figure references for artifacts from special deposits.

Appendix 9, a text documents, lists the Miscellaneous Text numbers, artifact types, catalogue numbers, and figure references of texts found on artifacts other than pottery vessels. Texts on pottery vessels from special deposits are published in TR. 25A.

TR27A reports upon goods used as markers of social status and goods used in ritual. It describes the splendid ornaments and insignia of jade, shell, pearls, and inscribed bone shown in representations on monuments and pottery vessels and recovered from the burials of Tikal's elites. Each artifact is described in the text, tabulated, and richly illustrated with drawings and photographs. An accompanying CD-ROM includes updated databases for all recovered objects, enabling the reader to discover...

Class 2 and 3 eccentrics of medium-quality, light-colored local chert and fine, brown imported chert.

Jade encrusted jars and lids from Burial 116, left, and Burial 196, right.

Inscription on the lid of the jar from Burial 116.

Minor sculpture in jade of a jaguar from Burial 196.

Jaguar minor sculpture in situ in Burial 196. The worked Spondylus valve and jade beads are ones of several distributed along the body.

Jade minor sculpture of a seated man from Burial 116.

View of some of the contents of Burial 10.

Large jade earflares and beads from chamber burials.

Jade pendants from chamber burials and a temple cache. From left, Burial 10, Cache 140A, Burial 23, Burial 10. Burial 10, and at lower right, Burial 24.

The backs of the jade pendants shown in 17.

Jade pendants from burials and a temple cache. Upper row, Burial 10, Cache 140A, lower row, Burial 24.

Class 1E eccentrics of obsidian.

Jade pendant and carved beads from Burial 10.

Ear ornaments. Small flare from a burial or a cache. Right, large jade earflare shown without its throat disk, and left, large earflare of marbled dark green stone, probably unfinished, both from Burial 10.

Head of Burial 196 at excavation with an in situ diadem of jade disks, composite ear ornaments, necklace of long, carved beads, and scattered jade pebble beads. The reddish tinge is from cinnabar pigment.

Long, four-sided bead of jade carved with a diving figure on each face, traces of cinnabar pigment, Burial 196.

Carved jade pendant from Burial 77.

Celt-shaped pendant from Cache 209.

Serpentine mask with Spondylus shell inlays from Burial 85.

Carved bowl of calcite (tecalli) from Burial 196.

Minor sculpture of crouching figure of soft, dark green stone from Burial 167.

Above, perforated peccary tusk and two bone tubes. Below, eight pendants cut from white marine shell, part of a necklace found with Burial 121.

Incised obsidians.

Carved pendant of Spondylus shell, one of a pair, and one of a pair of Spondylus shell bead bracelets with polished bone clasps, from Burial 167.

Large unworked stingray spine with traces of red pigment. Two parts of a composite pendant of cut nacreous shell with a large, round pearl bead-pendant between them, from Burial 116.

A display of ornaments from Burial 196, Tikal Museum, 1968. From the top, jade diadem, pair of smaller composite jade ear ornaments, carved jade bead with diving figures, multi-strand necklace of pearl bead-pendants, pair of larger jade and shell composite ear ornaments, pair of bracelets of collared cylindrical jade beads.

Shell trumpet from Problematical Deposit 7, scallop shell perforated for suspension from Burial 10, and an unworked Spondylus shell from Burial 116.

A display of jade ornaments and Spondylus shells found with Burial 116, Tikal Museum, 1964. Note the large shell set over the top of the skull, the worked valves arranged over and along the body, and the unworked shell near the right ankle. Jade ornaments shown are a diadem, composite ear ornaments, a necklace of long beads with square sections, a necklace of graduated large pebble beads, bracelets and anklets of long cylinder beads, and scattered pebble beads.

The upper portion of a long, carved bone object from the set of inscribed and plain bones from Burial 116. It is heavily coated with red cinnabar pigment.

A battered minor sculpture of the head of a deity carved of dolomite, from Group 5D-11, the Central Acropolis.

A set of Class 8 incised obsidians.

Head of a mosaic statuette from Cache 43.

Head of a mosaic statuette from Cache 140A.

Reconstructed mosaic statuette from Cache 197.

One of a pair of mosaic earflares from Burial 10.

Stone and Spondylus shell mosaic mask from Burial 160.

Occupied continuously for 1,500 years, Tikal was the most important demographic, economic, administrative, and ritual center of its region. The collection of materials recovered at Tikal is the largest and most diverse known from the Lowlands. This book provides a major body of primary data. The artifacts, represented by such raw materials as chert and shell are classified by type, number, condition, possible ancient use, form, material, size, and such secondary modifications as decoration...

Appendix A - a text document - presents the structure of the combined artifact and provenience databases, which comprises 17 variables. The artifact database includes type and variety, catalogue number, number of items included, material category, material or species, condition, comment or modification, and figure reference. The provenience database includes recovery context, date, structure group type, structure group number, structure type, structure number, and half-kilometer...

Appendix B - a text document - provides the codes used for the artifact and provenience database variables.

Appendix C - a database - gives the proveniences of all defined lots that produced material other than potsherds. Coding information can be found in Appendices A (tDAR #: 377604) and B (tDAR #: 376535).

Appendix D - a database - gives the proveniences of all lots defined as special deposits, that is, all burials, caches, and problematical deposits. Coding information can be found in Appendices A (tDAR #: 377604) and B (tDAR #: 376535).

Appendix E - a database - lists the excavated structure groups and number of excavated lots by half-kilometer zone. Coding information can be found in Appendices A (tDAR #: 377604) and B (tDAR #: 376535).

Appendix F - containing seven databases - lists all the artifacts and materials reported in TR. 27B. Note that all seven databases are contained within the single Microsoft Access file. Coding information can be found in Appendices A (tDAR #: 377604) and B (tDAR #: 376535).

Appendix G - the 217 tables generated from Appendix F - summarize condition, material, zone, structure group type, recovery context, and date for each artifact or object type. These tables should be regarded as a sample of the informative associations that the reader can make.

Occupied continuously for 1,500 years, Tikal was the most important demographic, economic, administrative, and ritual center of its region. The collection of materials recovered at Tikal is the largest and most diverse known from the Lowlands. This book provides a major body of primary data. The artifacts, represented by such raw materials as chert and shell are classified by type, number, condition, possible ancient use, form, material, size, and such secondary modifications as decoration...

The inaugural volume in the Thai Archaeology Monograph Series describes in detail the human skeletal remains from Ban Chiang in northeast Thailand. The skeletal material spans a period from 2100 B.C. to A.D. 200 and includes premetal, Bronze Age, and Iron Age deposits from a series of prehistoric societies. The history of Homo sapiens in Asia has long been a topic of interest among scholars investigating human biology. This study, which is based on one of the larger, comprehensively analyzed...

The inaugural volume in the Thai Archaeology Monograph Series describes in detail the human skeletal remains from Ban Chiang in northeast Thailand. The skeletal material spans a period from 2100 B.C. to A.D. 200 and includes premetal, Bronze Age, and Iron Age deposits from a series of prehistoric societies. The history of Homo sapiens in Asia has long been a topic of interest among scholars investigating human biology. This study, which is based on one of the larger, comprehensively analyzed...

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.1 Individual Records of Cranial Measurements, Indices, and Capacities in Adults.

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.10 Individual Records of Vertebral Non-metric Variation in Adults and Adolescents

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.11 Individual Records of Osteoarthritis in the Adolescent and Adult Skull and Appendicular Skeletons from Ban Chiang

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.12 Individual Records of Osteoarthritis and Osteophytosis in Adult Vertebral Columns

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.2 Individual Records of Mandibular Measurements and Indices in Adults.

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.3 Individual Records of Cranial Non-metric Variation in Adolescents and Adults.

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.4 Individual Records of Measurements of Permanent Dentitions in Adolescents and Adults.

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.5a Individual Records of Non-metric Observations in Permanent Dentitions in Children, Adolescents, and Adults

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.5b Individual Records of Pathological Conditions in Permanent Dentitions in Children, Adolescents, and Adults

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.6 Individual Records of Non-metric Observations in Deciduous Dentitions in Children.

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.7 Individual Records of Hypoplasias and Carious Lesions in Permanent Dentitions in Children, Adolescents, and Adults

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.8 Individual Records of Infracranial Measurements in Adults from Ban Chiang

This document is an explanation of abbreviations and codes for Database E.9 Individual Records of Infracranial Non-metric Variation in Adults and Adolescents

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.1 contains metric observations (Cranial Measurements, Indices, and Capacities in Adults) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID = Individual...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.4 contains metric observations (Measurements of Permanent Dentitions in Adolescents and Adults) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID = Individual...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.11 contains non-metric observations (Osteoarthritis in the Adolescent and Adult Skull and Appendicular Skeletons from Ban Chiang) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.12 contains non-metric observations (Osteoarthritis and Osteophytosis in Adult Vertebral Columns) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID = Individual...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.2 contains metric observations (Mandibular Measurements and Indices in Adults) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID = Individual Burial...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.3 contains non-metric observations (Cranial Non-metric Variation in Adolescents and Adults) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID = Individual...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.4 contains metric observations (Measurements of Permanent Dentitions in Adolescents and Adults) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID = Individual...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.5a contains non-metric observations (Permanent Dentitions in Children, Adolescents, and Adults) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID =...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.5b contains non-metric observations (Pathological Conditions in Permanent Dentitions in Children, Adolescents, and Adults) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.6 contains non-metric observations (Deciduous Dentitions in Children) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID = Individual Burial Number ...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.7 contains non-metric observations (Hypoplasias and Carious Lesions in Permanent Dentitions in Children, Adolescents, and Adults) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.8 contains metric observations (Infracranial Measurements in Adults from Ban Chiang) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID = Individual Burial...

This database is part of Appendix E, from Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand, Volume 1: The Human Skeletal Remains (tDAR ID #: 376592). Database E.9 contains non-metric observations (Infracranial Non-metric Variation in Adults and Adolescents) by individual burial excavated from the BC and BCES locales at Ban Chiang, Thailand. Coding information is pasted at the bottom of this abstract, and can also be downloaded as a .txt document at tDAR ID#: SPECID = Individual...

The archaeological site of Gordion is most famous as the home of the Phrygian king Midas and as the place where Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot on his way to conquer Asia. Located in central Anatolia (present-day Turkey) near the confluence of the Porsuk and Sakarya rivers, Gordion also lies on historic trade routes between east and west as well as north to the Black Sea. Favorably situated for long-distance trade, Gordion's setting is marginal for agricultural cultivation but well...

Descriptions of the places in which the plants were seen.

Database of plants of the Gordion region and locations in which they were seen (1988–2009).

Barley measurements from Gordion region.

Einkorn measurements from Gordion, Turkey.

Emmer measurements at Gordion, Turkey.

Flax measurements from Gordion, Turkey.

Lentil measurements from Gordion, Turkey.

Lentil Measurements from Gordion, Turkey.