USA (Country) (Geographic Keyword)
34,401-34,425 (34,698 Records)
Violence in the daily lives of individuals in late prehistoric eastern North America took many forms. Exposure to violence was pervasive and persistent. From the time you were born until the time you died you were a witness, a participant, and possibly a victim. In some instances death was a not release. In the Tennessee Valley of northern Alabama two Mississippian sites, Kogers Island (1LU92) and Perry (1LU25), demonstrate a range of evidence for interpolity violence. Familiar examples of...
Whelan Lake (CA-SDI-6010): A La Jollan Campsite on the Lower San Luis Rey River, San Diego County, California (1993)
This report details the results of archaeological test excavations conducted in August, 1991, by Statistical Research, Inc., at the Whelan Lake site (CA-SDI 6010). Whelan Lake is an early La Jollan campsite dating between 6500 and 7400 B.P. The site is a moderately dense shell midden situated on a knoll overlooking the San Luis Rey River about 7 km upstream from the coast. The midden has a roughly oval shape and measures 90 m by 60 m. Over 200 m of backhoe trenches and 17 m 2 of test pits were...
When All You Have are Artifacts: Reassessing Intrinsic Issues in Assigning Cultural Identity to Artifact Assemblages in Colonial South Carolina (2016)
Just several years after the 1670 founding of Charles Towne, occupants of Barbados, England, and France seized opportunities for land and prosperity. By the 1680s, English settlers from Barbados began to settle the area along the Wando River, encroaching on land designated for the remaining indigenous population. Researchers and investigators examining archaeological sites do so with the aim to reconstruct the history about past landscapes. Inherently, archaeologists assign cultural identity to...
When and Where Did They Go? More Fully Conceptualizing Fort Ancient’s Descendants (2018)
There were two distinct cultural systems in a key part of the Fort Ancient region – Anderson and Madisonville – with the general understanding that one changed into the other in situ ca. AD 1400 and then left the region en masse ca. AD 1650, becoming one of several contemporary Central Algonquian tribes. However, new data raise the possibility that this interpretation needs revision. First, through a biodistance analysis we learn that at least some Anderson and Madisonville groups were not...
When Archeology is the Vehicle, Not the Point (2020)
This is an abstract from the session entitled "Slow Archaeology + Fast Capitalism: Hard Lessons and Future Strategies from Urban Archaeology" , at the 2020 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. Beginning in 2012, the National Park Service has held Archeology Corps at parks across the country with youth-serving non-profit organizations. Not quite summer camp, nor field school, the Corps projects have used archeology as a vehicle to provide safe spaces for summer employment,...
When Contemporary Becomes Historic: Preservation Maintenance to Mission 66 Architecture at El Morro National Monument (2019)
This is an abstract from the "The Vanishing Treasures Program: Celebrating 20 Years of National Park Service Historic Preservation" session, at the 84th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. El Morro National Monument’s Mission 66 maintenance\utility complex is a distinctive Cecil Doty design uncharacteristic of Mission 66 program utilitarian buildings. Extending from the maintenance building is a service yard enclosed by a fence with battered stone masonry piers and...
When is a fieldhouse? Reconsidering fieldhouses on the Pajarito Plateau using GIS modeling and excavation data (2017)
Archaeologists often assume that Ancestral Pueblo groups in the North American Southwest built small one- to three-room structures to serve as temporary fieldhouse shelters for extracting agricultural resources during the farming season, and to minimize transportation to and from their larger villages. If fieldhouses were associated with agriculture, then they should be found near agriculturally productive fields. To determine if there is an association between agriculture and fieldhouses during...
When Is a Horse Not a Horse? It Depends on Your Local Ecology (2018)
The (re)introduction of the horse to North America brought dramatic changes to American Indians. However, not all populations were affected equally; the horse became central to some societies, but had seemingly little effect on others. This variation is seen across Great Basin ethnographic groups, where some populations adopted the horse for transportation and hunting, while others ignored or even ate the horse. Some argue that this variation is the result of environmental constraints: where the...
When is a Pithouse a Pithome?: Reconstructing a Fremont Household Underneath the Book Cliffs of Utah. (2017)
Perched along the northern edge of the Colorado Plateau, the Tavaputs Plateau is best known among archaeologists for its interior canyons, including the incredible rock art in Nine Mile Canyon and the well-preserved Fremont communities located in Range Creek Canyon. Despite the greater water resources and arable land along the Book Cliffs escarpment of the plateau, it has received little professional attention. This research program focuses on a small segment along the Grassy Trail Creek, a...
When Is Healing?: An Archaeological Case Study of the Chacoan and Post-Chacoan American Southwest (2019)
This is an abstract from the "Medicine and Healing in the Americas: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Perspectives" session, at the 84th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. For the Ancestral Puebloans, Chaco Canyon (ca. AD 800-1180), in what is now northern New Mexico, brought disparate communities together under a common cultural system by adjoining religious ceremonies, pilgrimages, and exotic goods with astronomical events, striking topographical features, and other...
"When it’s steamboat time, you steam:" The Influence of 19th Century Steamships in the Gulf of Mexico (2016)
Driven by technological advances of the industrial revolution and the introduction of the steamboat in the Gulf of Mexico, the economy of the southern United States flourished. When Charles Morgan brought his first steamboat to the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, the stage was set for a commercial venture that helped transform the region. By the mid-19th century steamships served as the primary vehicle to transport agricultural products from the Mississippi River Valley to markets along the east...
When Men Cannot Work; Camp Au Train a Civilian Conservation Corps Camp (2020)
This is a paper/report submission presented at the 2020 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. The Great Depression represents the collapse of the economic conditions of capitalism. This meant millions of Americans were out of jobs, a situation that had real ramifications for men whose social roles were defined by their work. This crisis of masculinity devastated all men, but Government attempts to deal with it varied by age. Programs for young men were geared toward keeping...
When Pots Walk: Reverse Archaeology at a Chaco Outlier Site in the Central Mesa Verde Region (2017)
More often than not, cultural resources on private land experience development and/or intentional disturbance. Data from sites are often lost or compromised during these activities. Occasionally, landowners keep notes on material culture that may be passed on to archaeologists. Incorporation of these data is important to understanding the condition of the site and maximizing interpretations of the past. As Crow Canyon Archaeological Center embarks on a new multi-year research project, the...
When Smuggling Sailors met the First Angelinos: Material Messages from Forgotten Santa Catalina Island, California (2017)
A colonial archaeological assemblage from Santa Catalina Island, California contains both "traditional" native materials and substantial Euro-American trade goods. Archival sources and artifacts suggest that the native islanders, known as the Pimu Tongva people, opportunistically acquired trade goods from Euro-American seafarers for close to 300 years. Although the bulk of the trade items appear to be European in origin, recent insight suggests that some of the materials have associations with...
When the Conflict Ends: Building Reuse on the Wyoming Frontier (2018)
Considering Conflict Event Theory as a paradigm for cuture change, we are then left to consider what happens to sites after the conflict ends, and what that change says about the nature of conflict and its temporal importance to the continuation of culture change. Several archaeological sites are examined within thisparadigm, including Ft Briger and Ft Fetterman. Parallels are also made between Wyoming sites and sites in Texas.
When the desert meets the sea: the annual journey of quitovaquenses to the San Jorge beach as a community of practice (2017)
This paper presents an ethnographic account of the people of Quitovac, Sonoras yearly journey to the sea. The village is set amidst the Altar desert. Every year the people of this town take a trip to the Sea of Cortés and make the shore a very special place. I present this account from the perspective of communities of practice emphasizing how the activities they undertake are the result of a continual interaction between people and places and between the distinct actors present. I also take...
When the Gales of November Come Howlin’: 2016 Archaeological Investigation of the Adriatic (47DR0208) (2018)
Proposed improvements to Berth 1 at the Fincantieri Bay Shipbuilding Yard in Sturgeon Bay will require removal of the remains of the self-unloading, wooden schooner barge Adriatic. Built by master shipbuilder James Davidson as a three-masted schooner-barge, the 202-foot long, wooden-hulled Adriatic was launched in 1889 and later converted into a self-unloading barge, one of the earliest examples of what would become an iconic vessel type on the Great Lakes. The vessel spent its final seventeen...
‘When the King breaks a town, he builds another’: Space, Politics, and Gerrymandered Identities in Precolonial Dahomey (2015)
Scholars have long argued that sub-Saharan Africa in the era of the slave trade was dominated by ethnically distinct communities whose members underwent the process of creolization after being displaced to the New World. Archaeological research across West Africa, however, is challenging this notion, revealing how West African cultural identity transformed in response to intersecting economic, political, and cultural forces unleashed by trans-Atlantic commerce. This paper examines the political...
When the Light Goes Out: The Importance of Women’s Labor in the Household Economy (2016)
Archaeologists have contributed important insights into gender, particularly in relation to the impact of differences in class, race, and ethnicity. Studies have challenged the relevance of 19th century gender ideals for those outside the middle class and have explored the ways middle class women’s lives defied these ideals. The picture that has emerged is one that emphasizes the importance of women’s productive labor and the complexities of real lived experience. The story of one household...
When the Neighborhood Went to Hell: The Seminole Perspective of a U.S. Military Fort (2020)
This is a poster submission presented at the 2020 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. In order to remove them from their lands, the U.S. Government waged a campaign of intimidation and force against Native Americans throughout the 19th Century that resulted in the placement of forts on native ancestral lands. One example, Fort Shackelford, was investigated by the Seminole Tribe of Florida THPO, not only for its archaeological content, but also to discover what it means to...
When to defend? Optimal Territoriality across the Numic Homeland (2017)
Research exploring the complex human decisions that lead to territoriality have largely focused on defensibility. Here we explore territoriality using an ecological and evolutionary model from behavioral ecology: the marginal value theorem (MVT). Based on the principal of diminishing returns, the MVT predicts that the utility of a plot of land will decrease with each additional plot, therefore people should defend an area only at a threshold when it becomes energetically beneficial within the...
Whenever the Twain Shall Meet: Merging Ethnohistorical and Archaeological Data (2018)
Data sources, including documentary and archaeological, represent rich caches, full of mundane descriptions and an occasional succulent morsel that adds to the richness of our understanding of the past or potentially changes those understandings in fundamental ways. Yet facts are situated in frameworks of conventional wisdom, existing reconstructions, methodological practice, and extant data. Many substantial advances effectively and critically combine the particular with the generalizable,...
Where and How Does the Underground Railroad Fit in African American Archaeology? (2020)
This is an abstract from the session entitled "Bridging Connections and Communities: 19th-Century Black Settlement in North America" , at the 2020 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. Deepening understanding of connections among the Underground Railroad, black communities and the larger abolitionist movement has important implications for archaeology. The Underground Railroad can be conceived as a transient, local and international place-based practice with static...
Where are the Boot Marks? Evaluating the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail (2018)
The Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail is a Revolutionary War route used by an estimated 1,040 patriot militia during the Kings Mountain campaign of 1780. It totals approximately 272 miles from the mustering point near Abingdon, Virginia, to Sycamore Shoals (near Elizabethton, Tennessee); from Sycamore Shoals to Quaker Meadows (near Morganton, North Carolina); from the mustering point in Surry County, North Carolina, to Quaker Meadows; and from Quaker Meadows to Kings Mountain, South...
Where are the Dinosaurs? The Children’s Museum’s Role in Archaeological Education (2018)
Public outreach and involvement is an increasingly important part of the field of archaeology. Yet for many people outside of the discipline, archaeology education comes solely from misleading television documentaries and fictional movies. The average visitor to The Children’s Museum of Indianapolis is no exception to this, with many unaware of the difference between archaeology and paleontology, let alone the difference between archaeology and looting or treasure hunting. In fact, many of the...