Europe (Geographic Keyword)
351-375 (1,217 Records)
Diaphyseal lengths are routinely used to estimate age in juvenile skeletal remains. However, the effects of bilateral asymmetry in bone growth on the estimation of age have not been properly addressed. This study uses a sample of 26 individuals of known age (birth to 11 years) from the skeletal collection housed at the Natural Museum of Natural History and Science, in Lisbon, Portugal. Diaphyseal length of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula, were collected from the right and left...
The Elusive Vasco-Cantabrian Middle Magdalenian: Reflections from Urtiaga Cave, Guipúzcoa, Spain (2017)
The Vasco-Cantabrian Middle Magdalenian (14.3-13.2 ka uncal. BP) remains intangible—known in the region from relatively few archaeological sites and principally defined on the basis of portable art items with Pyrenean origin. Recent research undertaken with collections from Urtiaga cave (Guipúzcoa, Spain) has included two radiocarbon assays of Level E that date to the Middle Magdalenian interval. This level lacks diagnostic portable art items, however, lithic and faunal analyses (conducted by...
The emergence of the Bel'sk settlement complex:landscape, population histories, and social structure (2017)
During the Pontic Iron Age, ca. 700-300 BCE, large fortified settlement complexes that encompass areas between 100 ha and 5,000 ha emerged along the forest-steppe and steppe boundary in Ukraine. At Bel'sk, the largest settlement complex of its kind with three separate settlements were linked by a fortification wall spanning 33 kilometers, delineating a massive urban internal space from its hinterlands. Despite one hundred years of periodic archaeological investigation, much about the Bel'sk...
Emergency of Formal Disposal Areas and the 'Problem' of Megalithic Tombs in Prehistoric Europe. In: the Archaeology of Death (1981)
This resource is a citation record only, the Center for Digital Antiquity does not have a copy of this document. The information in this record has been migrated into tDAR from the National Archaeological Database Reports Module (NADB-R) and updated. Most NADB-R records consist of a document citation and other metadata but do not have the documents themselves uploaded. If you have a digital copy of the document and would like to have it curated in tDAR, please contact us at comments@tdar.org.
Emic Knapping Perspectives and the Analytical Concept of Raw Material Similarity: Building a Contextualized Theory of Lithic Raw Material Selection (2018)
Existing frameworks for analyzing lithic raw material economies insufficiently characterize the complex interface of reduction strategies with local raw material variability. This presentation contextualizes assemblage technological organization from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic of Portugal with occurrence frequencies and size variability in local raw material cobbles. The new analytical concept of similarity differentiates Middle Paleolithic quartz preference within a pattern of overall raw...
An Emotional Challenge: What Can We Infer about Capacities for Social Emotions in Archaic Humans? (2018)
Social emotions are central to human social lives, however whilst there has been much discussion about archaic human cognition in terms of analytical capacities, capacities in terms of social emotions are rarely discussed. A 'null hypothesis' of a lack of pro-social motivations is often assumed to be the most rational scientific perspective on how archaic humans felt towards each other. Over recent years accumulating evidence for complex social relationships in archaic humans argues against this...
The emotive agency of infants and children in early Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemeteries (2016)
Infant and child graves have often received ambiguous interpretation when found in archaeological context. In 2012 a child’s grave was excavated in the sixth century cemetery at Oakington Cambridgeshire. Sometime after deposition its feet were truncated by a large adult grave, however, the child’s bones were repositioned on its legs, an action which impels continuing agency influencing the gravediggers long after the child had died and been buried. Child mortality was high in many past...
Empirical honesty and the ethical role of archaeologists in divided societies (2015)
Negotiating the politics of the present while staying true to the evidence of the past is the central challenge of responsible, ethically-engaged archaeological practice: the line between the archaeologist and the citizen is never clear cut. Questions of moral obligation and the imperative to respect multiple perspectives are of particular resonance when dealing with contested histories in conflict-ridden and post-conflict societies. Archaeology in these contexts carries risks, but also the...
Empirical Validation and Model Selection in Archaeological Simulation (2015)
Empirical validation is a key stage of any model development process and should provide an objective and quantitative account of the model performance. Yet, too often this stage plays a marginal role in the inferential exercise, with many discussions almost exclusively dedicated on the model building process. This paper discusses this neglected aspect of archaeological simulation, distinguishing two approaches drawn from epistemological parallels with statistical modelling. The first utilises...
An empty gut: the recent loss of our microbial symbionts (2016)
The increasing connectedness of global human populations during the Anthropocene has spread microbial pathogens far and wide. Yet at the same time, the human gut microbiome has simplified, leaving industrialised societies with less complex and diverse microbiota, and increased risk for chronic inflammatory disorders. Among the many taxa that have been lost is the bacterial genus Treponema. Treponema are present in the gut microbiota of great apes, present day hunter-gatherers in Africa and South...
Encountering the sacred in the everyday; from prehistory to the present (2015)
A notable feature of the Irish prehistory is the recurrence of activity over long periods of time in specific areas. These persistent places or landscapes are also a feature of the wider world of prehistoric Atlantic Europe. This pattern of human activity has been long debated. Depending on the point of view of the researcher it can be explained for example as indicating foci of long-term settlement, as the repeated but unrelated use of areas improved by human modification in the context of...
Encouraging Open Methods via Data Repositories (2015)
In order to make our research results reproducible we must first of all make our research data available, so that others can re-use them, and test our results. In turn this requires long term digital data preservation and open access to data. Data sets must also be citable via permanent digital identifiers. This paper will discuss the experience of the UK’s Archaeology Data Service in making data available for re-use, and our evidence for such re-use. It will highlight, in particular, the use of...
The end of an Era: the final moments of the Pleistocene-like hunter-gatherer lifeway in the Westernmost Eurasian site of Pena d´Água (Portugal) (2017)
The 8.2 ky cal BP climatic event seem to have had a striking impact in the western coast of the Iberian Peninsula, where the hunter-gatherer populations kept their Pleistocene-like lifeway until (and possibly through) this event, after which emerged the Mesolithic societies. We present a detailed overview of the Epipaleolithic occupation of Pena d’Água Rockshelter (8.19 ky cal BP) as study case of these final moments, focusing the lithic economic patterns, namely the different patterns of...
Engendering the Bioarchaeology of the Viking Age (2017)
The emergence of sexual orientation stigma or "queerphobia" within Christianity has a deep history that can be traced through historical and archaeological sources. Previous researchers in Mesopotamia argued that "queerphobia" did not exist in ancient times, yet biases against non-normative sexual orientations are continuously debated among contemporary theologians. This paper explores how sexual orientation stigma came to exist in modernity, arguing that the emergence of this phobia parallels...
Entering the Viking Age (2017)
Often depicted as a time of local but powerful chieftains, mounted elite warriors and spectacular boat inhumation burials, the Vendel period preceded the Viking Age in Swedish history writing. While contacts with Central Europe and beyond were extensive the societal structure in Scandinavia was still small scale, spread out and built on personal relations. But times were changing and from the mid 8th century several new features evolve: the emergence of town like structures, changes in scale and...
Entrance to the cave (2015)
Mouth of the cave.
Enveloped Lives: Caring And Giving In Lithuanian Health Care (WGF - Hunt Postdoctoral Fellowship) (2019)
This resource is an application for the Hunt Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Wenner-Gren Foundation. The Hunt Fellowship will support the completion of a book manuscript 'Enveloped Lives: Caring and Giving in Lithuanian Health Care.' This book is an ethnography of how people practice health and care by engaging in ambiguous practices that some would define as informal and corrupt. It examines the relationship between caring, things and money. It focuses on how informal payments -- 'little...
Environment and Identity in the Viking Age North Atlantic (2015)
The cultures that arose in the North Atlantic during the Viking Age - the Scottish Isles, Faroes, Iceland and Greenland - were emphatically Norse in their ethnic signalling. Yet the environments of these islands, especially the more westerly ones, were significantly different from Scandinavia or Britain and supported quite different lifeways, different economic strategies, settlement patterns and material cultures. Focusing on Iceland and Greenland the paper aims to highlight the tension...
Environmental Change and the Neolithization of Southeast Europe: a Bulgarian perspective (2015)
Any discussion of Neolithization of the part of the Balkan Peninsula that lies within the territory of Bulgaria has to confront two seemingly long-established and incontrovertible ‘facts’ – the abrupt appearance of a fully developed Neolithic ‘package’ c. 6100/6000 cal BC, and the virtual archaeological ‘absence’ of a pre-Neolithic (Mesolithic) substratum. This paper focuses on two inadequately discussed aspects of the ongoing debate surrounding the spread of farming across SE Europe: 1) the...
Epidemology of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Northern Europe (1961)
This resource is a citation record only, the Center for Digital Antiquity does not have a copy of this document. The information in this record has been migrated into tDAR from the National Archaeological Database Reports Module (NADB-R) and updated. Most NADB-R records consist of a document citation and other metadata but do not have the documents themselves uploaded. If you have a digital copy of the document and would like to have it curated in tDAR, please contact us at comments@tdar.org.
Eritrea: A Diaspora in Two Parts; Memory, Political Organizing & Refugee Experiences amongst Eritrean Exiles in Italy (WGF - Dissertation Fieldwork Grant) (2017)
This resource is an application for the Dissertation Fieldwork Grant from the Wenner-Gren Foundation. This project looks to emerging political practices surrounding the politics of memory for recent Eritrean refugees in Bologna, Italy. Since the mid-2000's Eritrea's young have been leaving in droves, in numbers as high as 2,000 to 7,000 people monthly. Traversing one of the deadliest migrant trails in the world, Eritreans constitute the second largest refugee group entering the EU by boat. I...
ESR Dating Herbivore Teeth within the Mousterian Layers at Šalitrena Pećina, Serbia (2019)
This is an abstract from the "SAA 2019: General Sessions" session, at the 84th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Overlooking the Ribnica River near Breždje in the Dinaric Mountains, central Serbia, Šalitrena Pećina records a continuous Late Pleistocene sedimentary sequence records over the Middle/Upper Paleolithic (MP/UP) transition. In the cave entrance, six sediment layers reach ~ 1.5 m thick. Layer 2's Neolithic artefacts overlie Layers 3-4's Gravettian artefacts. ...
ESR Dating Ungulate Tooth Enamel at Pešturina, Serbia: The Lumpiness Factor (2015)
Sitting on a major mammalian migration route from Asia into Europe, Pešturina contains at least four archaeological layers, including Aurignacian, Denticulate and Charentian Mousterian. A series of matrix-supported silty conglomerates hold five recognizable archaeologically and geologically distinct layers. All the layers contain éboulis clasts ranging from silt-sized grains to > 1 m3. Skeletal remains, including teeth, from Late Pleistocene herbivores occur associated with Paleolithic...
ESR Dating Ungulate Tooth Enamel from the Mousterian Layers at Pešturina, Serbia (2017)
In southern Serbia, Pešturina contains three Mousterian layers, with late Pleistocene faunae. The site overlooks a tributary to the Nišava River southwest of Niš near the Sičeva Gorge. In all three sedimentological layers, the large mammalian faunae suggest a mixed environment with temperate forest, rocky cliffs, and steppe within walking distance from the cave. Fragmentation patterns and butchering marks plus the lithic tools indicate that some faunal remains were human kills. A...
Ethnic Geography of the Neolithic (1981)
This resource is a citation record only, the Center for Digital Antiquity does not have a copy of this document. The information in this record has been migrated into tDAR from the National Archaeological Database Reports Module (NADB-R) and updated. Most NADB-R records consist of a document citation and other metadata but do not have the documents themselves uploaded. If you have a digital copy of the document and would like to have it curated in tDAR, please contact us at comments@tdar.org.