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Historical archaeologists have explored the plantation landscapes of the Caribbean for more than 50 years, and there have been archaeological excavations at historical sites on every major island. However, there are still islands where there have not been any previous excavations at historic sites, including plantations. Anguilla was one such island until June 2017 when archaeological survey and excavations began at the Wallblake Estate to understand the plantation landscape and the major...
Understanding the Battlefield Terrain: Components of the Battlefield Archeological Landscape (2016)
Since its inception, the ABPP has made over 559 planning grants with over $18 million available to preservation professionals for the long term care of battlefield resources. Approximately 40% of those funds have driven both underwater and terrestrial archeological projects since 1996. The vast majority of those battlefield projects have centered on resource identification, inventory, assessment and setting boundaries for aggressive resource protection. A system of identification of the...
Understanding the Culture of Teaching and Learning: The Role Evaluation Played in Developing a Project Archaeology: Investigating Shelter Case Study (2018)
Archaeologists have long been interested in developing and providing archaeology-based educational resources to teachers for use in the classroom, but they have spent significantly less attention on evaluating resource effectiveness. Evaluation was a key component in the development of "Investigating a Shotgun House,"one ofthe newest case studies in the Project Archaeology: Investigating Shelter curriculum. This paper will discuss a pilot program conducted during the development of...
Understanding the Irish Famine Using Deep Neural Networks and Protolanguage (2017)
Drawing from historical records and archaeological data, we used multilayer neural networks to construct a sociocultural model of the Irish Famine. We found that Capital Exchange optimization for non-elites frequently contained polynomial-time mappings to the Assignment and Knapsack problems (which are both NP-hard). However, we only occasionally encountered nontrivial instances of these mappings when the same algorithms were applied to elites. That pattern of asymmetric computational...
Understanding The Material And Spatial Strategies Of Border Crossers Through Water Bottles And Beverage Containers (2015)
Because of the clandestine and complex nature of undocumented migration in southern Arizona, many aspects of this social process have proven difficult to systematically analyze using ethnography alone. Using a combination of ethnographic and archaeological data collected between 2009 and 2014, this paper uses statistical analysis to further understand the relationships between artifacts associated with clandestine migration and the material and spatial strategies migrants employ to cross...
Understanding the Materials and Methods Used in the Construction of the 1617 Church at Jamestown, Virginia (2020)
This is an abstract from the session entitled "Excavating the Foundations of Representative Government: A Case Study in Interdisciplinary Historical Archaeology." , at the 2020 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. From 2016 to 2018 Jamestown Rediscovery excavated the 1907 Memorial Church where the foundations of: 1) a 1617 timber-framed church and 2) a 1640s brick and mortar church are located. The 1617 church is where the first legislative assembly in British North...
Understanding the Placement of LA 20,000, a Spanish Colonial Settlement Located in New Mexico (2015)
This project will explore the environmental and social factors that influenced the placement of Spanish New Mexican sites by looking at the location of LA 20,000, a seventeenth-century secular ranch located about 25 miles southwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico. This project will use GIS to explore the environmental factors essential to the Spanish colonists who settled as farmers, specifically focusing on the natural resources around LA 20,000, including distance to water, soil fertility, and...
Understanding Variation in Utilitarian Ceramic Assemblages of the Chesapeake: The Impacts of Local Production (2013)
Utilitarian ceramics made of earthenware and stoneware were important tools in the early American domestic sphere. Milk pans, storage jugs, baking dishes, and other specialized forms made a variety of domestic industries possible. However, the abundance and characteristics of these wares were not consistent through time or across households. In turning analytical focus to this under-investigated class of artifacts, a better understanding of the relationship between domestic and economic life in...
Understanding Your Neighbor: An Analysis of Mixed-Use Immigrant Households in Nineteenth Century Port Richmond (2020)
This is a paper/report submission presented at the 2020 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. Millions of Europeans left their homes during the closing decades of the nineteenth and dawn of the twentieth centuries, seeking new lives and opportunities in the United States. Many clustered in specific, less desirable neighborhoods of American cities drawn by cheap housing, available jobs, and proximity to their ethnic and religious kin. One such immigrant-heavy neighborhood was...
Underwater 3D Imaging with Structured Light: Implications for Ethics and Economics (2015)
A prototype underwater 3D imaging technology is discussed that is both inexpensive and creates accurate, high resolution 3D data. We focus on the connection between this technology and archaeological ethics and economics. First, we discuss a cutting edge, low cost, highly portable and user-friendly 3D imaging system using structured light, which has generated very high resolution images in both terrestrial and underwater contexts. Next, we compare it to other low-cost 3D techniques. Finally, we...
Underwater Archaeology in Cuba: a Critical Review (2017)
This paper endeavors to take a critical look at underwater archaeology research in Cuban coastal areas, mostly after 1959. Stress is made on the early research and the organizations which participated and the foreign companies which made an effort in underwater archaeological excavation on the Cuban shelf. However, this paper underlines the controversial role played by Carisub, a company in charge of underwater archaeological research until 2004, and its role in granting permits for commercial...
Underwater Archaeology Skills, Training, and Opportunities in U.S. Colleges: The 2017 ACUA University Benchmarking Survey (2018)
The Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology developed a series of three Benchmarking Surveys to understand how students, professors, and employers perceive and prioritize "basic" underwater archaeological skills. The ACUA surveys are intended to guide students, faculty, and employers as new generations of archaeologists enter the profession. The second survey, completed in 2017, was directed to university faculty in the United States, and received fourteen responses from eight universities....
Underwater Archaeology Through the Ages (2019)
This is an abstract from the "POSTER Session 2: Linking Historic Documents and Background Research in Archaeology" session, at the 2019 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. Archaeology underwater is a broad field. While traditionally associated with historical resources such as ships, harbors, and sunken cities, growing attention is focused on less researched portions of the submerged archaeological record such as prehistoric sites, shipwrecks in deep water, and sunken...
Underwater Cultural Heritage Law: Looking Back, Looking Forward (2016)
The law protecting and managing underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is relatively new and has largely been developed over the past 50 years. This presentation will look back at the threats to UCH from treasure hunting and provide an overview of the laws that have been applied and developed to address that threat as well as from other activities that may inadvertently effect or harm UCH, such as fishing, the laying of submarine cables and energy development. Special attention will be given to...
Underwater Historic Preservation for Sport Divers: Florida’s Training Courses for Divers and Diving Leadership (2015)
Public efforts to support preservation of Florida’s historic shipwrecks began in earnest in the late 1980s with the development of the state’s Underwater Archaeological Preserve system. As part of the process, local sport divers received training to assist with recording and monitoring these historic wrecks. The success of this program led to the development of the Submerged Sites Education & Archaeological Stewardship (SSEAS) program targeted to sport divers, and the Heritage Awareness Diving...
Underwater in the High Desert: Exploring Site Presence and Preservation on Drowned and Buried Lake Features (2018)
Walker Lake, NV, a high desert, perennial lake in the western Great Basin, has been subject to naturally changing water levels for over 15,000 years. Ranging in size from the southernmost branch of Pleistocene Lake Lahontan to a small alkali wetland, Walker Lake provided varying landscapes for people to use and live around through time. Fieldwork during summer 2017 investigated drowned river channels and beach features for depositional history, site presence, and site preservation. Submerged...
Underwater Survey Methods in Low to Zero Visibility (2020)
This is an abstract from the session entitled "The King's Shipyard Surveys, 2019: Submerged Cultural Heritage Near Fort Ticonderoga" , at the 2020 annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology. The King’s Shipyard Survey was conducted over four weeks in spring 2019. The team surveyed a nearly 63,000 square-foot area of Lake Champlain near Fort Ticonderoga in New York for shipwreck and harbor remains. Divers faced a challenging environment. Although water depths ranged from ten to...
Underwater Survey of the Historic Anchorage for Portsmouth, Dominica (2015)
The town of Portsmouth, located on the northwestern coast of Dominica, is bordered by Prince Rupert’s Bay. Utilized as a deepwater port off the Guadeloupe Passage, this coastline was preferred as a watering site by the indigenous Kalinago and by sailing ships entering and leaving the Caribbean Sea. Dominica, originally a British colonial outpost (1763-1977), is strategically situated between the French islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. From its inception, Portsmouth was a planned...
Understanding Rural and Urban Privy Vaults: An Overview of their Utilization and Morphological Transformation Through Time. (2016)
Until the advent and widespread adoption of modern plumbing, the privy vault played nearly as important a role to permanent occupation as would a sustainable water source. This paper will examine the various construction methods employed while investigating the rationale behind changes in morphology. Special focus will be given to privies within the urban setting of turn of the century East St. Louis, Illinois and comparisons will be made between privy vaults found in various St. Louis, Missouri...
The Undine, A Tea Clipper in the Savannah River (2016)
The Savannah District is proposing to expand the Savannah Harbor navigation channel. Diving investigations identified the remains of the Undine, a historically significant tea clipper built in Sutherland, England by the shipbuilder William Pile. In a class with other famous Clippers like the Flying Cloud and the Cutty Sark, the Undine represents the evolution apex of the sailing merchantman, and is in the class of the most significant clippers, those built specifically for the China Tea or Opium...
Unearthing Ancient Tools Reveals Prairie's Indian History (1980)
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Unearthing Narratives from an Appalachian Hollow: The Benefits of Environmental Mitigation Banking in Cultural Resource Management (2016)
Since the creation of the National Historic Preservation Act, a pairing has developed between environmental and cultural resource management. Wetland and stream mitigation banking is a common way to offset the environmental impacts of activities permitted under the Clean Water Act. These projects are intended to create or enhance aquatic resources in order to offset impacts within the same geographic region. Their location within perpetual conservation easements and need for Section 106...
Unearthing the Past at Shiloh Mound, Tennessee: Collaborative Insights from Partnering with David G. Anderson (2024)
This is an abstract from the "*SE Big Data and Bigger Questions: Papers in Honor of David G. Anderson" session, at the 89th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. The Shiloh Mound site in Tennessee is a rare example of a protected Native American mound group. This paper presents the outcomes of a pioneering archaeological expedition co-led by David G. Anderson, shedding light on the lifeways of ancient inhabitants through meticulous excavation and interdisciplinary analysis....
Unearthing Their Lives: Documenting the Evolution of African American Life at Clover Bottom and Beyond (2016)
Recent excavations at Clover Bottom Plantation are contributing new information to a rich documentary record of the lives of enslaved and later freed African Americans who lived and/or worked there. Clover Bottom Plantation was owned by the Hoggatt family for the majority of its nineteenth-century history. At its peak, it was home to 60 enslaved individuals who were listed, but remained unnamed in the 1860 census. Through a comparative study of available primary sources and newspaper accounts,...
Uneven Landscapes, Uneven Histories: Maroons in the American Historical Narrative (2017)
Throughout most of the Atlantic world, Maroons play a critical role in local, regional, and even national histories. In contrast, marronage in colonial America and the early United States is largely absent from the American historical narrative. Thousands of Maroons lived in The Great Dismal Swamp, located in Virginia and North Carolina, from the late 17th century until Emancipation. And, Maroons played a critical role in slowing US expansionism in Florida, once known as a refuge for escaped...