North America (Geographic Keyword)
751-775 (3,610 Records)
In 2014, ERM undertook an archaeological baseline survey for the Canal de Nicaragua project as part of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. Intended to assess the entire canal route, the area examined included a 10km wide corridor from the Boca de Brito on the Pacific coast to the mouth of the Punta Gorda on the Caribbean coast (a 1,400km² impact area). This paper presents ERM’s Nicaragua project as a case study of a high level CRM effort operating within a politically charged medium...
Conducting Research on U.S. Navy Ship and Aircraft Wrecks: The Sunken Military Craft Act and 32 CFR 767 (2016)
The U.S. Navy has recently sought to advance the management of its sunken military craft though internal planning initiatives, as well as the promulgation of revised federal regulations that establish a new permitting program for researchers wishing to investigate ship and aicraft wrecks under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy. Following multiple coordination phases within the Department, among federal agencies, and with members of the public, the revised regulations are now in the...
Conflict Archaeology, Material Culture, and the Role of Validation Studies in Interpreting the Past (2018)
Conflict archaeology has grown as a sub-discipline in the last 30 years. It now has a rich theoretical basis grounded in Military Terrain analysis and the Anthropological theories of war and warfare. Most of our material culture finds are still interpreted using typologies created in the field of military material culture collecting or from those established by relic collectors. This is not necessarily a bad thing, but given that we are dealing with relatively recent material culture our...
Conflict Landscapes: Mitigating Inter-generational Trauma through Collaborative Archaeology (2018)
Traditional Indigenous landscapes are imbued with cultural meaning and value. After contact, Indigenous trails often gained uses for military conflict, immigrant travel, and removal of Indigenous people from their homelands, adding additional meaning to the landscape. Nevada’s historic Stewart Indian School is another Indigenous landscape later used in the federal effort to assimilate Native children. Both case studies demonstrate that processes of governmentality, disciplinary power, and...
". . . conforme your selves to the Customes of our Countrey . . .": Acknowledging the Contributions of Indigenous Women in Maryland’s Colonial Society (2016)
Subtypological analysis of historic-period indigenous ceramics indicates changes in Maryland Indian women’s pottery over the course of the seventeenth century may have helped normalize the selection and adaptation of aspects of English material culture, while preserving family- and clan-based cultural traditions. Previous research, hypothesizing that native-made items including ceramics were purchased/traded for and used by English colonists, elucidates a shift in surface treatments while...
Confronting Confederate Narratives: Archaeology at the Judah P. Benjamin Confederate Memorial at Gamble Plantation Historic State Park (2018)
In recent years, the southern United States has experienced a growing movement to remove confederate memorials from public spaces. These efforts have initiated a dialogue about representations of heritage, and the ethics of memorialization. Arguments for the removal of these memorials and monuments maintain that they misrepresent the past, and minimize the suffering of enslaved people and their descendants. Gamble Plantation was one of several sugar plantations established along the Manatee...
Confronting Conflict through Virtual Worlds (2016)
Three dimensional virtual worlds present new possibilities and new challenges for teaching about difficult pasts or "dark heritages." This paper considers how virtual environments can be used to explore conflict through user interaction with primary and secondary data sets. It will present a virtual world prototype of Idaho’s Kooskia Internment Camp, a World War II Japanese American internment camp that imprisoned over two hundred Japanese American men. Drawing upon pedagogical strategies...
Confronting Structural Racism and Historical Archaeology (2018)
Our scholarship teaches us that racialized structures created conditions that constrained and facilitated social action, with a pervasive influence on the materiality of the past. Inevitably, agents worked against institutionalized racism in public and covert ways to try to affect a more equitable and less dehumanizing society. Despite these efforts, we generally pay less attention to how ongoing structural racism influences our current lives and practice as historical archaeologists and global...
Confronting Uncomfortable Pasts: Gender and Domestic Violence in Pennsylvania Company Towns, 1850 to Present (2016)
Historical archaeology has an opportunity to tell histories that have been obscured, overlooked, or forgotten, purposefully or otherwise, through the passage of time; however, some of these facets of the past continue to ring true in the present. Archaeologists from the University of Maryland have documented patterns and stories of domestic violence in small company "patch" towns in Northeastern Pennsylvania’s Anthracite coal region covering nearly 100 years of history. Oral histories with town...
Connecting Archaeology and Blue Knowledge for a Sustainable Planet (2018)
In 2015 the United Nations established Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) as part of a global agenda. SDG 14 charges the world to "conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources." SDG 13 urges action to combat climate change and its impacts, while SDG 11 calls for greater efforts to safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage. Our goal here is to show that these goals are best addressed together. In the US alone, nearly half the population lives in coastal...
Connecting People and The Past: Interpreting The Conservation of The USS Monitor (2016)
Underwater archaeological sites are typically inaccessible to the general public. The public’s interaction with such sites occurs through connections made with excavated artifacts. However, the conservation of these artifacts, especially if they come from a marine environment, can take decades. Interpreting conservation to the public promotes understanding of the lengthy treatment process, thereby fostering support for the project and creating a connection to the artifacts and their history. USS...
Connecting Section 106 and The National Historic Preservation Act to People: Creative Mitigation in the Public Interest (2016)
Reflecting on NHPA 50 years after its passage, it is its public relevance, engagement, and inclusiveness that increasingly enable it to protect the valued heritage of our diverse peoples. Implemented wisely, with broad stakeholder involvement, and integrated with environmental considerations, NHPA, Section 106 in particular, can directly support future economic, cultural, and environmental sustainability. From its beginnings NHPA provided flexibility that we have gradually grown more...
Connerton’s "Seven Kinds of Forgetting" and the Lattimer Massacre: A critique and an application (2013)
Anthropologist John Connerton’s brief essay "Seven Kinds of Forgetting" provides a foundation and touchstone for recent explorations in the study of memory and modernity. Rhizomatic in nature, the essay succeeds in opening up, and also fragmenting, explorations of memory spanning a broad theoretical spectrum of critical, materialist and culturalist approaches. This essay adapts, critiques and expands upon Connerton’s notions of memory using the example of memory and forgetting in the subsequent...
Conquest of the South Sea: The Long-Term Historical Archaeology of the Port of Huatulco, Mexico (2017)
In April of 1522, Pedro de Alvarado conquered and claimed the Port of Huatulco in the name of the Spanish King Carlos V. Among the best natural harbors on the Pacific Ocean, Huatulco soon became the main port-of-trade for the Hapsburgian Empire between New Spain, Central America, and Peru up until the late 16th century. But this conquest was only one of many-- and one of the last-- of such dramatic cycles of domination and colonialization in southern Mexico. Drawing from Indigenous documents...
Conquest, history and memory in highland Madagascar (2013)
This paper looks at the ways in which history and memory were involved in the expansion of the early 19th century 'Merina' state of highland Madagascar. In his conquests of neighboring territories King Andrianampoinimerina gave history to some of his new subjects, and took it away from others. In considering how this played out I explore the implications for how we understand history and historicity, and for examining archaeology's relationship to history.
The Conservation and Analysis of Artifacts from the Site of the USS Westfield (2013)
Through conservation and analysis, artifacts from USS Westfield’s collection contribute significantly to the cultural history of the American Civil War. The sinking of USS Westfield on January 1, 1863 in Galveston Bay, Texas, effectively ended the Union’s ability to dominate Texas’ coastal waters until the end of the war. The disarticulated remnants of Westfield left in Galveston Bay lay subject to almost 150 years of erosion, dredging efforts, and salvage until the US Army Corps of Engineers...
Conservation and Restoration Practices for Coral Reefs (2018)
Coral Reef ecosystems are composed of sessile colonies that have evolved over thousands of years. The rate of loss of these important and unique ecosystems is heightened by climate change and acute human impacts and their conservation is important for marine life and coastal communities. Many strategies are being used to protect coral reefs including marine protected areas, artificial reefs, and coral gardening. Coral gardening is gaining momentum as communities and scientists work to rebuild...
Conservation at the Intersection of the Archaeological and Historical Records (2018)
As the process of conserving USS Monitor artifacts continues, the Batten Conservation Complex staff at the Mariners’ Museum and Park constantly witness the intersection of the archaeological and historical records. There is an abundance of material to consult. Numerous documents related to Monitor survive, including newspaper articles, survivors’ accounts of the sinking, and ship plans. Additionally, NOAA’s excavations and continued study of the shipwreck combined with the on-going conservation...
The Conservation of a Multicomponent Iron Artifact from the Emanuel Point Two Shipwreck (2016)
Archaeological investigation at the Emanuel Point II shipwreck has been ongoing since its discovery in Pensacola Bay in 2006. Excavations in the stern section conducted in 2009 produced a multitude of artifacts, including two of the iron gudgeons used to affix the rudder to the sternpost of the vessel. This poster provides an overview of the conservation process given to the larger of the gudgeons recovered, demonstrating the techniques used for a large-scale multi-component artifact. Comprised...
The Conservation of the Brother Jonathan Chest (2017)
Two hours into the voyage from Crescent City, California to Victoria, British Columbia in July 1865, Captain Samuel DeWolf ordered SS Brother Jonathan to set a return course. Eight miles outside of Crescent City, a wave smashed the vessel into a rock, sinking it in under an hour—along with most of the cargo and passengers. It wasn’t until the 1990s that the wreckage was rediscovered; in May 2016, a shipping crate salvaged from the wreck was sent to Texas A&M University’s Conservation Research...
Conservation of the First Automobile Torpedo of the United States Navy (2016)
In March 2013, U.S. Navy-trained dolphins found a torpedo during a training session off the coast of San Diego, California. The middle and after body sections of the torpedo were recovered and identified by the Naval History and Heritage Command Underwater Archaeology Branch as a Howell torpedo, one of three known to exist in the world. This presentation describes conservation efforts to preserve this complex technological object. Partial disassembly of the torpedo allowed for effective cleaning...
The Conservation of the Monterrey A Artifacts (2015)
In the Gulf of Mexico in July of 2013, the research vessel E/V Nautilus sent the remotely operated vehicle Hercules down to a depth of over 1330m to survey and recover artifacts from an early 19th-century shipwreck known as the Monterrey A that had been surveyed the year before. They recovered more than 60 artifacts, all of which are currently being conserved and studied at the Texas A&M Conservation Research Laboratory. This paper presents a survey of the techniques currently being used to...
Conservation of Waterlogged Textiles from CSS Georgia (2017)
During recovery of material from CSS Georgia, numerous textile artifacts were recovered and transported to Texas A&M University’s Conservation Research Laboratory for treatment. Unlike terrestrial locations, waterlogged sites like CSS Georgia provide a stable environment of constant temperatures, low sunlight, and minimal exposure to micro-organisms, allowing for preservation of organic material normally lost to taphonomic factors. With maritime Civil War sites like USS Monitor and H.L. Hunley...
The Conservation of Wooden Hoops from Emanuel Point II (2018)
During the excavation of Emanuel Point II, a 16th-century Spanish ship that sailed as part of colonization fleet led by Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano, a large number of wooden barrel hoop fragments were recovered. These vary in size from a few centimeters to almost 20 centimeters in length and were found both loose and bound together. Once removed from the site these artifacts must be conserved using the best practices available. The conservation laboratory at UWF has elected to use a freeze...
Conservation Research Laboratory, Texas A&M University - An Overview (2017)
The Conservation Research Laboratory (CRL) was founded in1978 as part of the Nautical Archaeology Program (NAP) at Texas A&M University (TAMU) to treat the material from the archaeological sites excavated by TAMU and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology. Now CRL is one of six laboratories that comprise the Center of Maritime Archaeology and Conservation (CMAC) and CRL’s scope has considerably increased with an active contract conservation program treating archaeological material from both...