Western Europe (Geographic Keyword)
126-150 (352 Records)
This paper presents a discussion of the often, subtle quality of the legal machinations employed by colonial authorities to dispossess the indigenous groups of New England of their land. Prior to the outbreak of King Philip’s War in 1675, New England’s colonies maintained a civil, but increasingly tense relationship with the indigenous groups of the region. As English population increased tensions grew over land and notions of private property. With the defeat of King Philip’s confederation, the...
Growing Resilience: Allotments For The Unemployed In 1930s Britain (2018)
In the late 1920s the Society of Friends began an innovative scheme providing unemployed people with allotment gardens, enabling them to provide for their families by growing fruit and vegetables. Allotment sites are ever changing, reworked by later plotholders or destroyed by redevelopment, however, it is possible to research the archaeology of the Allotments for the Unemployed scheme through annual reports. Using photographs of allotments included in the reports I will discuss boundaries and...
Highbourne Cay Shipwreck Excavations – Dendro-archaeology (2018)
Excavation and recovery of the hull remains of a suspected 16th-century Iberian ship provided a rare opportunity to examine the nature of the forest products exploited and the methods of timber selection used in the ship’s construction. Analysis of recovered timbers combined a range of techniques including high magnification digital photographic capture of tree-ring sequences so that larger samples could be reburied with their parent timbers, 3D digital photogrammetry to capture spatial data for...
Historical archaeology and archaeological practice in Denmark (2013)
The concept of archaeology and the structure of professional archaeology in Denmark differ from those of the Anglo-Saxon world. This is especially true when speaking of historical archaeology. Though medieval archaeology has experienced an inclusion into mainstream archaeology during the last few decades, much of what is considered archaeology in Britain and the United States is not seen as such in Denmark. This condition is due to historical conditions and divisions within the museum world. But...
Historical Archaeology and Archaeological Practice in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities (2013)
Historical archaeology has become much more widely accepted in Europe in the last ten years The same period has also seen tremendous changes in the way archaeology is undertaken in many European countries. Some - such as the UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands - have adopted an 'Anglo-Saxon' model of free-market capitalism within a regulatory framework; others - such as France and Poland - remain strongly wedded to a more traditional statist model. These methodological differences reflect - and...
The historiography of the archaeology of slavery in the French West Indies (2013)
This paper poses the questions "what is an archaeology of slavery? why has it only developed in French archaeology in the last twenty years?" In the 1990s a number of organizations began to take an interest in the archaeology of slavery, and worked towards a commemoration of the institution. In the French West Indies, the DRAC and Inrap began to undertake CRM work on cemeteries and other sites associated with slavery. At the same time, activist organizations in the French West Indies...
History of the Timber Industry in Sweden and Women Supplying the Swedish Navy (2018)
Sweden has rich natural resources: timber, iron, copper, with established transport/trade routes, over land and water, from Viking times. Lightly populated-sufficient labor to extract these resources was a problem. Swedish timber was coveted due to slow growth rate when compared to other countries. Oak was valuable and protected by royal proclamation. The Thirty Years War meant the loss of half of the able-bodied men in Sweden. This caused an increase of women/widows taking on patriarchal roles...
The Holland 5 Submarine Project (2013)
The Holland 5 submarine was one of the Britsh Royal Navy's first commissioned submarines. Lost in August 1912 she lay on the seabed off Eastbourne, Sussex, Egland until being discovered by a recreational diver in 1995. Since 2006 the Nautical Archaeology Society have been organising trips to the submarine and undertaking monitoring work of the boats condition. The distant offshore position of the wreck presents unique problems to the heritage agencies in how the site should be protected. This...
Homesick: the Irish in asylums in the North of England (2013)
Following development of a nineteenth century asylum complex in the North of England, a clay pipe bowl and stem fragment were discovered. The bowl was incised with the words ‘Dublin’, and may have related to a local pipe maker who catered for the demand of an increasing market of emigrant Irish. Its presence indicates the conscious cultivation of an Irish-abroad identity within the larger growing population of the North of England. This paper will look at the issue of ‘homesickness’, juxtaposing...
A house transformed, culture and architecture in early modern Offaly (2013)
The degree to which cultural, economic and social change in early modern Ireland was inspired by English colonial models can be questioned, though it is undeniable that material practices were evolving among the native and planter communities under the influence of capitalism, humanism and religious change. Such processes impacted upon both vernacular and formal architecture, with changes in the materials, forms, and layouts of buildings marking the degree to which people of different cultural...
Housing data for Romano-British settlements (2024)
A key question in economic history is the degree to which preindustrial economies could generate sustained increases in per capita productivity. Previous studies suggest that, in many preindustrial contexts, growth was primarily a consequence of agglomeration. Here, we examine evidence for three different socioeconomic rates that are available from the archaeological record for Roman Britain. We find that all three measures show increasing returns to scale with settlement population, with a...
Housing for the metal trades in the industrial colony of Parkwood Springs, 1860-1970 (2017)
This paper will explore housing for working-class metal workers in Sheffield. The focus of the paper will be the nineteenth-century industrial colony of Parkwood Springs in north Sheffield, in the United Kingdom. Residential housing was constructed on the Parkwood Springs site to house workers employed in metal trades. The neighbourhood was isolated, as access was limited to a road tunnel running under a railway bridge, and later a footbridge - the primary route for local school children to the...
An Iberian ship for the Atlantic: a reassessment of Angra D, a probable 17th century Spanish shipwreck (Azores, Portugal) (2013)
In 1998, a team from Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática (CNANS) undertook the rescue excavation of Angra D, a probable 16th or 17th century Iberian shipwreck located in the construction area of a dock in Angra Bay (Terceira Island, Azores). The study of the site was never completed. In 2011, a team from CHAM continued the study of Angra D, reassessing the archaeological archive, the ship timbers and the artefacts. This study suggests that Angra D is probably a small merchant...
Iceland and the Colonial Project (2013)
This paper revolves around a central dilemma: whether to see Iceland as colonizer or colonized. On the one hand, it was linked to the Danish project of colonialism outside Europe, benefitting from access to exotic goods and influenced by ideologies of race and whiteness. On the other hand, Iceland was itself a dependency of Denmark, and from the nineteenth century, developed a discourse of nationalism and independence. This paper will examine the tensions of Iceland as colonizer/colonized...
Icelanders, Germans and Danes – Triangulating colonial encounters in Iceland during the 15th to 17th centuries (2017)
During the 15th to the 17th centuries, many Germans from Hamburg and Bremen spent their summer in the many trading stations along the extensive coast lines of Iceland. Although Iceland was a part of the kingdom of Denmark, German merchants and sailors, clerics and physicians dominated economic and cultural life, granted by Danish authorities. The paper tries to untackle the different colonial aspects and explores the triangular power relations between Icelanders, Germans and Danes in the early...
Iconography of colonialism as production and reproduction in early modern Sweden (2013)
Images, pictures and urban poems were important tools in the production and reproduction of early modern Swedish colonialism and the Age of Great Power. Urban images of Erik Dahlberg in the volume Svecia Antiqua et Hodierna and poems of Olof Hermelin in Hecatompolis Suionum, for example, were productions of the period when Sweden was at its most powerful. We will discuss how these images reflect the archaeological record of northern towns in the coastal area of the northern Baltic Sea. We will...
The Idea of the Enlightenment and Environmental Relations in Early Modern Ostrobothnian Towns of Sweden: Macro- and Microfossil Studies of Local Plant Use (2016)
Macro- and microfossil studies from the early modern Ostrobothnian towns provide information about both natural and cultural elements of local landscapes, including how landscapes changed in time and affected people’s lives. In this paper, I will discuss how the Ostrobothnians used their local plants. The period from the late 17th to the late 18th century was a time of significant chances in the philosophy of life and economic policy in Sweden, as well as in Europe in general. During the 18th...
Identification of Vasco da Gama's Lost Ships Esmeralda and São Pedro (2018)
In 1998 the search began for two Portuguese vessels lost off the coast of Oman in 1503. Detailed analysis of primary and secondary sources describing the sinking included topographic, climatological and demographic information led to a bay on the NE coast of Al Hallaniyah Island. Visual searches revealed types of shot only known in 15/16th century contexts. Excavation in 2013 /2014 yielded 975 composite shot found within a large concretion in a shallow gully together with 20 powder chambers...
Identifying the Landscape Impact of Enclosure using GIS-Aided Map Regression (2013)
Manuscript plans contain a variety of data concerning the landscape changes associated with enclosure. These can be revealed by map regression; a technique which has been used in many previous studies but usually without the aid of GIS. This paper will outline a simple method for the comparison of plans using GIS, in which maps which are directly comparable are created, eliminating the problems of the different scales and conventions used in manuscript plans. This has revealed, among other...
In small things remembered; the sponge decorated ceramics from Inishark, Galway. (2013)
In recent years excavators along the western seaboard of Ireland and Scotland have recovered extensive evidence on domestic sites for the presence of Spongewares and other mass-produced ceramics dating to the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The recovery of this material has opened the debate on the ‘marginal’ nature of such landscapes which has fostered divergent theoretical approaches questioning consumer choices in post-Famine Ireland at odds with received subaltern narratives of...
In the Margins of History: The Hungate Neighbourhood of York, 1530-1930 (2013)
The Hungate Excavation and Research Project, a £3 million, 2 hectare developer-funded investigation carried out by York Archaeological Trust between 2006 and 2011, has provided a unique opportunity to recover and examine a geographically marginal and socially disadvantaged urban neighbourhood, uncovering nearly 2,000 years of history and archaeology of an evolving community on the fringes of urban society and intellectual enquiry. This paper traces the social and economic development of...
Incorporating Laborers: Saunas in Industrial Finland (2017)
Since the late 19th century most Finnish industrial areas have had one distinctive and important building—sauna—that was as important to workers as to the company’s officials. Industrial spaces had usually separated workers’ housing areas and many cases saunas were separately located from the housing and industrial spaces; most likely because of the danger of fire. We will discuss the importance and role of saunas for the industrial communities in Finland. In some industrial areas workers had...
The Influence of the Slave Trade on Atlantic Shipbuilding (2016)
Although the history and archaeology of slavery has been well researched, relatively few studies have focused on the design, construction, and use of slave ships. The slave trade introduced new social elements and cultural exchange and created networks of global communication which, after the abolition of slavery, grew into complex international trade systems. The study of slave ships allows us to not only better understand the mechanisms behind this social phenomena, but also brings to light a...
Inhabiting Vatnsfjörður, Northwest Iceland: land, sea and movement (2013)
In this paper I will examine the same locale, Vatnsfjörður, from the land and from the sea. Drawing on 19th and 20th century historical accounts and the surveying of archaeological sites, I will assess the degree to which taking a relational approach brings greater clarity to historical interpretation. The thesis is that relational approaches facilitate the actualization and the operation of strategies for understanding what it was like to live and work in a remote part of Iceland. The approach...
The internal other: economic and social differences as signs of primitiveness in late nineteenth century Europe. (2013)
In current research on the history of archaeological and anthropological representations it is still common to impose a neat boundary between studies of colonial and metropolitan areas. However, this separation is contradictory, with frequent cultural analogies and methodological transferences established between these two areas during the nineteenth century. In this paper it will be argued that there was a common ideological foundation that has determined the direction of research in both...