Monument Data Cleaned--Types, Locations, Measurements--Dhofar, Oman

Creator(s): Joy McCorriston; Michael Harrower; Matthew Senn

Analyst(s): Lawrence Ball

Year: 2020

Summary

This excel file includes the locations, designated classification (types), and measurements of 371 monuments surveyed in Dhofar, Oman, after data cleaning and re-checking photographs and field records (to be included in online data). Excluded from this file are survey records for which there were inadequate volume measurements, or attributes for type classification, and/or other monument types (not included in statistical analysis), and redundancies.

Cite this Record

Monument Data Cleaned--Types, Locations, Measurements--Dhofar, Oman. Joy McCorriston, Michael Harrower, Matthew Senn. 2020 ( tDAR id: 500953) ; doi:10.48512/XCV8500953

Restricted Access Some or all of this resource's attached file(s) are not publicly accessible. They will be released on Jul 16, 2029

Data Set Structure

Measurement Column
Count Column
Coded Column
Filename Column
Integration Column (has Ontology)

Table Information: S-Table 1

Column Name Data Type Type Category Coding Sheet Ontology Search
width Measurement in m.cm of the greatest width of a structure surviving plan at ground surface; N/A = not available, measurement not taken, monument not intact, diameter only (HCT)
VARCHAR  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
volume Measurement of the volume of a monument, generated through computation of model geometric shapes (truncated cone, cylinder x 1/3, prism x 1/2) using other measurement data (length, width, height); N/A = missing measurement(s), quarried uprights, partial destruction/erosion, removed. This data derived from other data in spreadsheet
VARCHAR  Uncoded Value Architecture : Measurement none none true
technology VARCHAR  Coded Value uncategorized Monument Construction Technology none true
tpi200 Topographic Position Index (TPI) (R = 200, 1000, 5000 m) (Guisan et al., 1999)TPI raster layers with radii (R) of 200 m, 1 km and 5 km, derived from the elevation layer. TPI measures the difference between a central cell elevation and the average elevation around it within a predetermined radius (R). At small scales it is a measure of terrain roughness and at large scales it describes slope position and landform types.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
tpi300 Topographic Position Index (TPI) (R = 200, 1000, 5000 m) (Guisan et al., 1999)TPI raster layers with radii (R) of 200 m, 1 km and 5 km, derived from the elevation layer. TPI measures the difference between a central cell elevation and the average elevation around it within a predetermined radius (R). At small scales it is a measure of terrain roughness and at large scales it describes slope position and landform types.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
tpi1000 Topographic Position Index (TPI) (R = 200, 1000, 5000 m) (Guisan et al., 1999)TPI raster layers with radii (R) of 200 m, 1 km and 5 km, derived from the elevation layer. TPI measures the difference between a central cell elevation and the average elevation around it within a predetermined radius (R). At small scales it is a measure of terrain roughness and at large scales it describes slope position and landform types.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
tpi2000 Topographic Position Index (TPI) (R = 200, 1000, 5000 m) (Guisan et al., 1999)TPI raster layers with radii (R) of 200 m, 1 km and 5 km, derived from the elevation layer. TPI measures the difference between a central cell elevation and the average elevation around it within a predetermined radius (R). At small scales it is a measure of terrain roughness and at large scales it describes slope position and landform types.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
tpi500 Topographic Position Index (TPI) (R = 200, 1000, 5000 m) (Guisan et al., 1999)TPI raster layers with radii (R) of 200 m, 1 km and 5 km, derived from the elevation layer. TPI measures the difference between a central cell elevation and the average elevation around it within a predetermined radius (R). At small scales it is a measure of terrain roughness and at large scales it describes slope position and landform types.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
tpi3000 Topographic Position Index (TPI) (R = 200, 1000, 5000 m) (Guisan et al., 1999)TPI raster layers with radii (R) of 200 m, 1 km and 5 km, derived from the elevation layer. TPI measures the difference between a central cell elevation and the average elevation around it within a predetermined radius (R). At small scales it is a measure of terrain roughness and at large scales it describes slope position and landform types.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
slope A raster layer of slope, in degrees, derived from the elevation layer using the average maximum technique
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
srr DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
tpi100 Topographic Position Index (TPI) (R = 200, 1000, 5000 m) (Guisan et al., 1999)TPI raster layers with radii (R) of 200 m, 1 km and 5 km, derived from the elevation layer. TPI measures the difference between a central cell elevation and the average elevation around it within a predetermined radius (R). At small scales it is a measure of terrain roughness and at large scales it describes slope position and landform types.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
length/ diameter Measure in m.cm the longest surviving dimension of the structure's visible plan at ground surface; N/A=Not Available (measurement not in field records)
VARCHAR  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
max stone size N/A=Not Available (measurement not in field records)
VARCHAR  Coded Value Other : Date Created Max Stone Size none true
northness Aspect decomposed to two directions, with highest values on slopes facing north and lowest values on slopes facing south
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value Provenience and Context : Context none none true
NS divide Describes location North (0) or South (1) of the continental divide (plateau)
BIGINT  Coded Value uncategorized North-South Divide none true
Survey Unit Code Survey designated Survey Units 001-n. Survey Unit Code starts with "D" for Dhofar, thus "D001-001" is Site 1 in Survey Unit 1
VARCHAR  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
Site Code Survey designated Survey Units (see Survey Unit Code) and numbered 1-n sites within that survey unit, restarting numbering at 1 in the next survey unit. Survey Unit numeration starts with "D" for Dhofar, thus "D001-001" is Site 1 in Survey Unit 1
VARCHAR  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
Type Through multiple seasons, researchers refined a series of monument types to include HCT (High Circular Tombs), Triliths (a distinctive and highly structured symbolic arrangement of elements whose emic meaning is debated--includes low elipsoid platforms, clusters of (3) uprights, 4 boulders at the corners of a square, and multiple elevated roasting hearths. Cairns, other shapes and constructions of tombs, graves, and platforms are part of the typology
VARCHAR  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
Landform Underlying geomophological classes used to better understand context, taphonomy, and elected location of architectural structures, including monuments; bedrock terrace, gravel terrace, bedrock slope, wadi silts, plateau (highest localized elevation), scree slope, wadi channel are all options
VARCHAR  Uncoded Value Provenience and Context : Context none none true
Easting DOUBLE  Measurement (degree (lat/long)) uncategorized none none true
Northing DOUBLE  Measurement (degree (lat/long)) uncategorized none none true
maxndvi A max-NDVI raster layer where pixel value is the maximum greenest pixel of all NDVI layers derived from Landsat 8
DOUBLE  Measurement (other) Other : Date Created none none true
pathdist_trilith Path distances were calculated from a cost raster in ArcGIS. Path Distance to nearest trilith. A cost raster identifies the cost of travelling through each cell. In our cost raster, the cost of travel increased exponentially with slope steepness
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value Provenience and Context : Context none none true
pathdist_HCT Path Distance to nearest High Circular Tomb. Path distances were calculated from a cost raster in ArcGIS. A cost raster identifies the cost of travelling through each cell. In our cost raster, the cost of travel increased exponentially with slope steepness
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value Provenience and Context : Context none none true
pathdist_waterpoints Path Distance to Springs and Other Water Sources in m.cm; these recovered from local knowledge, actual visits, in-country maps, place names, satellite imagery. Path distances were calculated from a cost raster in ArcGIS. A cost raster identifies the cost of travelling through each cell. In our cost raster, the cost of travel increased exponentially with slope steepness
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value Provenience and Context : Context none none true
pathdist_roads Path Distance to nearest road. Path distances were calculated from a cost raster in ArcGIS. A cost raster identifies the cost of travelling through each cell. In our cost raster, the cost of travel increased exponentially with slope steepness.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value Provenience and Context : Context none none true
tri A TRI raster layer derived from the elevation layer, based on the sum change in elevation between a central cell and its eight neighboring cells. TRI is a terrain roughness metric
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
tpi10000 Topographic Position Index (TPI) (R = 200, 1000, 5000 m) (Guisan et al., 1999)TPI raster layers with radii (R) of 200 m, 1 km and 5 km, derived from the elevation layer. TPI measures the difference between a central cell elevation and the average elevation around it within a predetermined radius (R). At small scales it is a measure of terrain roughness and at large scales it describes slope position and landform types.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
tpi5000 Topographic Position Index (TPI) (R = 200, 1000, 5000 m) (Guisan et al., 1999)TPI raster layers with radii (R) of 200 m, 1 km and 5 km, derived from the elevation layer. TPI measures the difference between a central cell elevation and the average elevation around it within a predetermined radius (R). At small scales it is a measure of terrain roughness and at large scales it describes slope position and landform types.
DOUBLE  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
fog SD Standard Deviation of fog density (see Fog density)
DOUBLE  Measurement (other) Other : Date Created none none true
fog density A multiband (R, G, B, NIR) raster layer of spatial variability in monsoon fog density calculated on a per cell basis as the mean of the fog reflectance values of 119 Landsat 5 TM scenes, 17 Landsat 7 ETM+ scenes and 121 Landsat 8 OLI TIRS scenes
DOUBLE  Measurement (other) Other : Date Created none none true
elevation An elevation raster layer derived from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map V2. The original data has been reprojected and resampled using bilinear interpolation
BIGINT  Uncoded Value uncategorized none none true
cti index derived from spatio-topographic values in imagery
DOUBLE  Measurement (other) Provenience and Context : Context none none true
eastness Aspect decomposed to two directions, with highest values on slopes facing east and lowest values on slopes facing west
DOUBLE  Measurement (other) Other : Index none none true
uprights_count Count of the number of upright stele, solitary or in clusters (count on each upright); N/A = missing, quarried, removed, shattered or non-applicable (not a monument type that has upright stele in its construction. In practice, this attribute refers to triliths only
VARCHAR  Uncoded Value Architecture : Other none none true
height Height in m.cm from ground surface to highest surviving element/stone/top; N/A=Not Available (measurement not in field records)
VARCHAR  Uncoded Value Architecture : Measurement none none true

Keywords

Culture
Pastoral • South Arabian Neolithic

Material
Building Materials • Ceramic • Chipped Stone • Dating Sample • Fauna • Human Remains • Macrobotanical • Shell

Site Type
Agricultural or Herding • Ancient Communal / Public Structure • Arabian trilith • Archaeological Feature • Cairn • Corral • Domestic Structures • Encampment • Funerary and Burial Structures or Features • Hamlet / Village • House • Mound / Earthwork • Non-Domestic Structures • Petroglyph • Pictograph • Rock Art • Settlements • Tomb • trilith

Investigation Types
Archaeological Overview • Bioarchaeological Research • Data Recovery / Excavation • Environment Research • Geophysical Survey • Heritage Management • Reconnaissance / Survey • Systematic Survey

Geographic Keywords
Dhofar • Middle East • Oman • Sultanate of Oman (Country)

Temporal Keywords
Bronze Age • Iron Age • Neolithic

Temporal Coverage

Calendar Date: -7500 to 2023 (South Arabian pastoral prehistory through present)

Spatial Coverage

min long: 53.159; min lat: 16.983 ; max long: 54.763; max lat: 17.634 ;

Individual & Institutional Roles

Contact(s): Joy McCorriston

Principal Investigator(s): Mark Moritz; Ian Hamilton; Joy McCorriston

Record Identifiers

NSF Grant(s): 1617185

Notes

General Note: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number (NSF Grant Number) 1617185. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation

Source Collections

Herbarium specimens, wood, and macrobotanical reference materials in Joy McCorriston's collections at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Fossil hyrax latrines and pollen collections with Sarah Ivory (Penn State University), data to be uploaded to Neotoma repository.

Human bone, artifacts archived by the Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, Sultanate of Oman; located in Ministry Storage, Muscat, Oman.

File Information

  Name Size Creation Date Date Uploaded Access
ASOM-Monument-Data_Cleaned-2021.xlsx 114.28kb Jan 8, 2021 Jul 17, 2024 8:57:32 AM Embargoed Five Years
Excel (*.xlsx) spreadsheet with 371 observations cleaned from 426.
  • Translated version ASOM-Monument-Data_Cleaned-2021_translated.xlsx (97.89kb)
    Data column(s) in this dataset have been associated with coding sheet(s) and translated:

    • Accessing Restricted Files

    At least one of the files for this resource is restricted from public view. For more information regarding access to these files, please reference the contact information below

    Contact(s): Joy McCorriston