William Engelbrecht Resources

Unidentified Biface Fragment. 4 views.

Innes (Ace-of-Spades) Point. 4 views.

Levanna Point. 4 views. Located162 cm with respect to 2N 24W, 36.2 cm with respect to 4N 24W at a depth of 16 cm with respect to 2N 24W.

Unidentified Biface Fragment. 4 views.

Genesee Point (4 views).

Unidentified Biface fragment. 4 views.

Genesee Point (4 views).

Unidentifed Biface Fragment. 4 views. Image needs to be rotated.

Lamoka Point (4 views)

Innes (Ace-of-Spades) Point. 4 views.

Misc. photos from excavations in 1982.

Misc. photos from the summer 1992 excavations.

These Access Tables contain information on artifacts from the Eaton site. Four tables (Levels 1-4)and a fifth table (Extras) each contain records for 259 2m x 2m excavation units. Each of these tables contain 33 columns reflecting data categories (debris, utilized flakes, etc.). Levels 1 and 2 combined are the plow zone. Successive levels are 10 cm. in thickness. The Extras table contains data from any lower levels, features, or wall scrapings. Clarification of the above tables: Units...

GIS distribution of broken flake scrapers from the Eaton site, created by Rod Salisbury.

This Access table lists attributes describing chipped stone perforators and gravers from the Eaton site. In addition to location, metrics and other attributes of individual specimens, it lists a Projection Index. This Index is the sum of the distal angle and the perimeter, either at 4 mm from the tip or the base of the projection, whichever is shorter. See Coding sheet for Eaton Chipped Stone Perforator and Gravers (tDAR id:497140)

Images of grave goods associated with burials from the Eaton site. For details on these burials, see the 1995 NAGPRA report from Eaton, I.D. 373225. The average diameter of the stone beads = 9 mm. Both the beads and the teeth were given the catalog number E260, with the exception of one tooth which was designated E242,

Images of some distally retouched uniface scrapers, uniface side scrapers, blade cores, and cores.

Length histograms for whole endscrapers (N = 133) and side scrapers (N = 63) from the Eaton site. A histogram illustrating length of whole flake scrapers may be found in a paper: "Patterning in a Large Sample of Unifaces".

Three longhouses were discovered at the Eaton site in western New York between 1975-2000. From the postmold evidence obtained, these structures resemble most Iroquoian longhouses constructed throughout Iroquoia. Yet, particular dimensions of the Eaton longhouse are collectively distinct. When compared to other western New York sites and the whole of Iroquoia, the longhouses suggest that some Iroquoian peoples utilized a standard longhouse design. The question is why would Iroquoian builders...

Macrobotanical Remains from Eaton prepared by Rudy Fecteau

The photos show bulldozing in 1967 when a portion of the site was destroyed. Marian White and Emil Liddell are shown looking at post molds. Cazenovia Creek near the site is also pictured. Some general procedures are illustrated including weighing fire-altered rock in a bucket. The weight of the bucket was added to the total and was a constant. A fine sheet filtered sunlight for photos.

Illustrations of stone and ceramic pipes and pipe fragments from Eaton.

GIS distribution of whole side scrapers on the Eaton site. Created by Rod Salisbury. Supplemental material for an article on unifacial tools.

Twelve seasons of work by archaeological field schools have resulted in the partial excavation of an Iroquoian village at the Eaton Site, located in western New York. One longhouse has been almost totally excavated and two others have been partially excavated. This paper reviews what is currently known about the site and presents information on the quantity and type of some of the artifacts recovered. It also looks at the distribution of some material relative to the excavated longhouses.

Symmetrical ground stone disk.

Histograms showing the distribution of whole flake scraper maximum thickness (N = 129), whole side scraper maximum thickness (N = 63), and whole endscraper maximum thickness (n = 133).

Whole, or nearly whole ceramic vessels from Eaton excavations 1975-2000.

Three weight histograms: broken endscrapers, broken flake scrapers, and broken side scrapers. These are from the Eaton site.

These 3 histograms illustrate the weight of endscrapers (N = 133) flake scrapers (N = 129) and side scrapers (N =63) from the Eaton site.

GIS distribution of whole endscrapers on the Eaton site, created by Rod Salisbury.

GIS distribution of whole flake scrapers on the Eaton site, created by Rod Salisbury. Flake scrapers are defined here as unifacial distally retouched scrapers with a thin distal bit.

Histograms illustrating width of whole endscrapers (N = 133), flake scrapers (N = 129), and side scrapers (N = 63) from the Eaton site. These tools are largely unifacial.

Selected Endscrapers

After seventeen field school excavations, the Eaton Site assemblage is ready to be examined more closely. One hundred sixty-two endscrapers found on the site were studied. Just what endscrapers were used for and the controversy surrounding hafting is discussed. In addition, data concerning variability and patterning in six areas of the site are reported. What this suggests for the site, as well as the potential impact of extensive plowing on the sample, are also discussed. Site maps showing...

This M.A. uses post mold density of 3 partially excavated longhouses to estimate their duration of occupation.

This image shows the site topography and the 2 m x 2m excavation units. The outlines of 3 partially excavated longhouses are also shown along with a 5 row palisade in the north.

This table tabulates exhausted cores by unit.

This listing of faunal data by unit was created by Marie Lorraine Pipes.

A report of the Eaton faunal analysis.

Miscellaneous shots of Feature 50. See the excavation report for 1995 for a description of this feature (pp.16-20).

This table tabulates the weight in kilograms of fire altered rock by unit.

Distribution of Genesee Points on Eaton.

A two hole banded slate gorget found in Feature 50 along with Iroquoian materials.

Two grinding stones (metates)

This table contains tabulation of ground stone chopping tools by unit. Tools include axes, adzes, and celts.

Ground stone was tabulated by inferred function, not morphology. Grinding = grinding slabs and handstones (metates and manos) Pounding = hammerstones, mortars, pestles, anvils Chopping = celts, adzes Smoothing/sharpening = whetstones, abraders

This table tabulates ground stone tools used for grinding by unit. This category includes grinding slabs/metates and handstones/manos.

This table tabulates ground stone tools used for pounding. This includes hammerstones, mortars, pestles, and anvils.

This table counts ground stone smoothing tools by unit. These tools include whetstones and abraders.

Two photos: 1) gun flints and 2) their distribution.

A listing of gunflints and lead shot, compiled by Mike Roets.

For a number of summers, members of the Houghton Chapter of the New York State Archaeological Association (NYSAA) worked at Eaton on Saturdays under the direction of Bill Engelbrecht. They did this while the field school was in session, and often the field school finished units that the chapter started. The material from these excavations has been incorporated in the Buffalo State College collection. In the 1960's, the chapter dug south of where the field school dug (1975-2000) and that...

Images of Madison Point refits from the Eaton Site. Numbers 1-56.

This file illustrates Madison point refits numbers 57-114. The numbers correspond to the cases in the Refit Tables.

Selected Madison Points

This table tabulates whole knives by unit. Broken knives are tabulated in a separate table.

GIS Distribution of Lamoka Points.

This paper reports the discovery of late Paleoindian period points at the Eaton site, Erie County, NY. The authors describe three Holocombe style and three Hi-lo style points found in two discreet locations on the site. They briefly discuss how the discovery of these point styles at Eaton impacts arguments for increased localization of point style in the late Paleoindian period in the Great Lakes region.

In 1979, archaeological field school students recovered a small lead object from a 2 m x 2 m excavation unit at the Eaton Site. The object remained in a bag of chert debitage until 1994 when its resemblance to a human incisor was noted. This paper briefly describes the historic components of the site, describes the object, and advances four hypotheses regarding its possible function.

Distribution of Lead Shot on the Eaton Site.

Two aspects of the artifact assemblage at the Eaton Site in Western New York are examined. First, in what way and to what extent did extensive plowing affect the integrity of the site context? The data suggest that some important inferences can be made. This allows for the second discussion, regarding behavioral patterns. Distribution maps of ceramic and lithic cross-mends, along with post mold maps are used to study waste streams at Eaton, with several distinct lines of refuse disposal...

This table describes 114 Madison Point refits (point tips, point mid-sections, point bases). One triple match was made between a point base, a mid-section, and a tip. A mid-section and tip formed a refit, as did 10 mid-sections with 10 bases. One hundred and two point bases were refit with tips.

This image shows Madison points with a damaged base. Damage may be seen in the lower left.

This is possibly an antler hoe. It was hafted and the broad end is worn.

This table tabulates multi-purpose tools by unit. Multi-purpose tools include at least two of the following functions: cutting, scraping, and/or drilling.

This is an inventory of the human remains encountered during excavation. For images of grave goods, see "Eaton Grave Goods," document I.D. 467950. It is in the Collection: Eaton Unique Artifacts.

Rim Sherd Photos

This table tabulates the distribution of notches (spokeshave scrapers). This category includes utilized flakes with a notch exhibiting use wear. These flakes were not tabulated in the Utilized Flake Table. See also "Distribution of Scraper Varieties."

These three photos show the palisade plan (5 rows), some actual post molds, and the relative spacing of the rows using flagging tape. In the latter photo the student is pointing north.

This manuscript compares morphological and distributional differences between endscrapers, flake scrapers and side scrapers at the Eaton site.

Photos of field school students from 1988 to 1993 including two group photos, one from 1981 and one from 1986.

Photos of field school students at the Eaton site from 1995-2000 along with some images of members of the Houghton Chapter of the New York State Archaeological Association, also working at the site.

Misc. photos from 1975. Group photo, front row left to right: James Curran, Dennis Paray, Sam Corallo, Mary Bosseler, Engelbrecht, Jay Cohen. Second Row: ___? Maureen Doohan, Debra Holt, Flora Doraski, Betty Briggs, Rhonda Groell.

Selected Pipe Bowl Fragments: 0002 = E1272, 80N 5E L2 (low grade steatite); 0003 = E1086, 44N 9E, L1 (punctates); 0004 = E782, 8N 22W L1; 0006 = E905, 40N 1W L1 (punctates); 0007 = E5, 4S 18W L1 (faint incisions); 0008 = E1094, 58N 1W L1 (partial face - rotate 90 degrees); 0009 = E366, 8S 19E L2 (part of stem plus bowl); 0010 = E419, 26S 2W, depth = 25 cm.; 0012 = E228, 2N 28W, L2, depth = 22 cm.

This table tabulates pipes and pipe fragments by unit. See "Eaton Pipes" (collection) for illustrations.

This pit feture was located inside a longhouse, along the side, probably under a bunk line. It contained a celt in the bottom, visible in this slide.

This table contains Madison point base counts by unit.

This table tabulates point mid-sections by unit. Point mid-sections that fit with point bases or tips are tabulated here and again in the "Point Refit Table." These mid-sections are believed to be from Madison Points. See also "Distribution of Projectile Points and Projectile Point Fragments."

This table tabulates Madison Points by unit. It does not include refit points - see "Point Refit" table.

This table summarizes point tips by unit. The intention is to include just Madison Point tips, but it is possible that some non-Iroquoian point tips are included.

This report by Linda Scott Cummings and Caitlin A. Clark describes protein residues on 3 chert specimens from Eaton.One specimen did not react to weak antisera, one suggested the processing of both dog and rabbit, and the third suggested processing domestic goat.

This data set describes Madison point refitted bifaces and contains two more columns than the original Point Refit Table. The distance column measures the distance between refits in meters. The Context column records whether the refit is internal (1) or external (2). Internal refits are those within a defined area (i.e. longhouse) or between associated area (i.e. longhouse and associated midden). Internal can also refer to a refit of two pieces from undefined areas.External refers to a refit...

This article argues that Iroquoian endscrapers were used to scrape thick hides like bear, rather than thin hides like deer. For Tables and Figures, contact William Engelbrecht, engelbwe@gmail.com.

Eaton is a multicomponent site located in western New York. The major component consists of an Iroquoian village dating to the mid-sixteenth century. There is a high ratio of expedient lithic tools to debitage in the area of the palisade. We explore possible explanations for this distribution and discuss the implications for the construction and maintenance of a palisade.

Miscellaneous Rim Sherds

This table totals whole scrapers by unit. See also broken scraper table.

This Access table lists attributes of chipped stone scrapers and knives from the Eaton site.

This table totals pottery sherds by unit. The counts include both rim and body sherds. These are not vessel counts.

Contains catalog numbers for 17 field seasons.

Images of rim sherds from southern units on the Eaton site.

This table totals the number of Stage 2 biface preforms (after Callahan 1979) for each unit.

This table totals Stage 2.5 biface preforms for each unit. This biface preform type is intermediate between Callahan's (1979) Stage 2 and Stage 3.

This table totals Stage 3 biface preforms (after Callahan 1979) for each unit.

This table totals Stage 3.5 biface preforms. This stage is intermediate between Callahan's (1979) Stage 3 and Stage 4.

Multiple Views of Stone Pipe Bowl. The material is likely steatite. Three faint converging lines on the bottom resemble a bird's foot print.

Distribution of Susquehanna Broad Points on the Eaton Site.

This table totals tool fragments by unit. The function of the tools of which these fragments are a part could not be determined.

Unfired Clay Object

This is a tabulation of whole endscrapers by unit. See also broken endscrapers.

Images of rim sherds from the Griswold site, 36Er62. One of four documents.