North America (Geographic Keyword)
901-925 (3,602 Records)
Yard signs proclaiming, "Family Farms Not Factory Farms!" are a common site along rural highways in the Midwest. These signs are a direct response to the tremendous growth of corporate agriculture during the second half of the 20th century and the concomitant decline of the traditional farming model in which a single family owns and operates a productive, commercial farm. While most lay people likely assume that "factory farms" are a fairly recent economic phenomenon, in reality land...
The Deep History of a Modern Phenomenon: An Archaeological Perspective on Corporate Agriculture in Northwest Ohio (2016)
Yard signs proclaiming, "Family Farms Not Factory Farms!" are a common site along rural highways in the Midwest. These signs are a direct response to the tremendous growth of corporate agriculture during the second half of the 20th century and the concomitant decline of the traditional farming model in which a single family owns and operates a productive, commercial farm. While most lay people likely assume that "factory farms" are a fairly recent economic phenomenon, in reality land...
Deep Space: The Recovery of Saturn V Booster Engines From a Depth of 4000 Meters (2015)
The Apollo Program received a high priority after President John F. Kennedy’s 1961 address to Congress declaring his support for "landing a man on the Moon" by the end of the decade. This ambitious goal was achieved on July 20, 1969, during the Apollo 11 Mission, when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the Moon. On each mission the Saturn V first stage plunged into the Atlantic Ocean with its five enormous F-1 engines. In March 2013 a scientific team sponsored by Jeff Bezos,...
Deep Wrecks in 3D: AUV and ROV Laser and Sonar Scans of Deepwater Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico (2015)
In 2013 and 2014, C&C Technologies, Inc. joined a multidisciplinary team to examine the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on deepwater shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico. One of the primary components for C&C’s focus within this team was to collect AUV and ROV mounted 3D laser and sonar data of the wreck sites. The shipwrecks ranged in date and type from nineteenth century wooden sailing vessels to twentieth century steel hull military and commercial vessels. The water depths of these...
Deep-Water Shipwreck Site Distribution: The Equation of Site Formation (2013)
In 2007, archaeologists with C & C Technologies published a debris distribution model from data collected during a Deep Shipwreck Project with the former U.S. Minerals Management Service. The researchers have continued to refine the formula with additional shipwreck information. Studying the Gulfoil site at a depth of 534 meters BSL, as part of the Reefs, Rigs and Wrecks Program illustrated that a large portion of associated wreck debris fell outside the predictive distribution model and more...
Deepwater Shipwrecks and Oil Spill Impacts: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of Shipwreck Impacts from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2015)
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico caused substantial perturbations within the coastal and marine environments. In 2013, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and other partners initiated a multidisciplinary study to examine the effects of the spill on deepwater shipwrecks. This poster presents an overview of the ongoing research into the microbial biodiversity and corrosion processes at wooden and metal-hulled shipwrecks within and outside the spill area. This...
Deepwater Shipwrecks and Oil Spill Impacts: An Innovative Multiscalar Approach from Microbial Ecology to 3D Scanning Systems (2017)
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and partners implemented a multidisciplinary study in 2013 to examine impacts from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill on deepwater shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico. The Gulf of Mexico Shipwreck Corrosion, Hydrocarbon Exposure, Microbiology, and Archaeology Project, or GOM-SCHEMA, conducted a comparative analysis to assess micro- to macroscale impacts from the spill by examining microbial community biodiversity, their role in artificial reef formation, and...
A Deepwater World War II Battlefield: The German U-boat, U-166, and Passenger Freighter Robert E. Lee (2016)
During World War II, Germany sent their U-boats to the Gulf of Mexico to conduct warfare on merchant shipping. As a result approximately seventy merchant vessels were sunk or damaged with only one U-boat lost in the Gulf of Mexico during that action. The wreck sites of the German U-boat, U-166 and it last victim the passenger freighter Robert E. Lee were first investigated by archaeologists in 2001. Fourteen years of historical and archaeological research reveals the intricacies of this...
The Defence of Gagadama: Siege Warfare and Ethnographic Knowledge (2013)
The extension of European rule into the southern Lake Chad Basin was one phase in a process of impingement into the area of globalising systems of power and connection that began centuries earlier. It contributed to the disruption of indigenous systems of regional domination, but took place sporadically, especially in the rugged and densely populated terrain of the Mandara Mountains. One significant episode in that process was the First World War siege of a German military unit along the...
Defend Your Coast: GIS Network Analysis of Crusader Fortifications Within the Kyrenia Region of Cyprus (2018)
The rise of the Arabic Caliphates in the Levant and the subsequent dominance of the Mediterranean Sea by their fleets led to large scale construction of fortifications on Cyprus. Alexius I, ruler of the Byzantine Empire, constructed numerous fortifications in the Kyrenia region of Cyprus to secure the natural resources and coastline from Arabic incursions. These fortifications along the mountain ranges and ports acted as lookout positions and walled areas people could retreat to in times of a...
Defending Acapulco. Weaponry from Fort San Diego as archaeological sources for the Port maritime history (2018)
The Fort of San Diego, at Acapulco, was built and garrisoned since the early 17th-century, in order to repel pirates or naval forces of enemy countries. After the 1776 earthquake, the fortress was entirely redesigned, rebuilt and fitted, according to criteria then in use. This new structure was besieged by an insurgent army, leaded by Morelos during the Mexican Independence War in 1813. The fort was continuously occupied by military personnel until 20th-century, when it became the local...
‘Defending Jackson’s Ramparts’: The Political and Cultural Struggle of Preserving the Battle of New Orleans Historic Site (2017)
In 1815, Andrew Jackson and the soldiers in his army defended a narrow strip of land along the Mississippi River in a desperate attempt to keep the British out of New Orleans. More than one hundred years later, Jackson’s ramparts were again under assault, but this time by land developers interested in the valuable river front property. In "Defending Jackson’s Ramparts," I examine the efforts of the Daughters of the War of 1812, the U.S. War Department, and the U.S. National Park service to...
Defending The East Coast: Adapting And Converting Commercial Ships For Military Operations (2015)
The United States was not fully prepared for war in the Atlantic Ocean directly following the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Plans and resources were needed to counter Germany's U-boat operations that quickly followed the Japanese attack. The U.S. Navy acquired ships of all types from both public and commercial sectors and adapted them for military use. The focus of this study will be on converted fishing trawlers, specifically ones ultimately wrecked off of the coast of North...
Defined by Place?: Setting the Homes of the Enslaved Community at Montpelier into a Regional Context (2015)
The plantation landscape of Montpelier is one that was rigorously defined by the Madison family. Set within the mansion’s formal grounds and a model farm were the homes of the enslaved laborers who built and ran this plantation. Four years of excavations at half dozen homes of the enslaved community have revealed much in regard to how both the plantation owners and the enslaved community designed and laid out their homes within this constrained setting. These include homes for enslaved...
Defining Blockaders: USS Westfield, USS Hatteras, and their Archaeological Context (2016)
At the commencement of the US Civil War, the Union devised the Anaconda Plan, implementing a series of blockades of major Confederate ports designed to disrupt Confederate trade and cut off supply lines. For this plan to succeed, the Union had to enlist the support of a nonexistent patrolling naval fleet. The Navy worked quickly to supplement their fleet, acquiring vessels through a variety of means including those that were purpose-built for the navy, purchased for use by the navy, and/or...
Defining Historical Archaeology in New York City: New Terms, New Archaeology (2016)
Historical Archaeology was in its early stages as Diana diZerega Wall and her cohort, lead by Bert Salwen at NYU, began to excavate in New York City. Here I will discuss how the use terms like gender, class, and race were revolutionary at the time and how they have allowed us to investigate further subtleties such as the dialectic relationship between insider and outsider communities. Wall and her cohort have taught us to work with local descendant communities, bridged the gap between academia...
Defining Historical Community Boundaries with GIS: Walla Walla’s Chinatown (2015)
In 2014 Fort Walla Walla Museum performed a cultural resource survey of the City Hall Parking Lot in downtown Walla Walla, Washington. Archival research, namely Sanborn fire insurance maps, revealed this location to be a major locus of activity including a Chinatown from 1888 and up to around 1905. While Sanborn maps indicate an area in which many Overseas and American-born Chinese lived and ran businesses, other sources like city directories and federal census records show Walla Walla's...
Defining Site Stewardship: Origins and Our Family Tree (2023)
This is an abstract from the "Site Stewardship Matters: Comparing and Contrasting Site Stewardship Programs to Advance Our Practice" session, at the 88th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. The main work areas of cultural site stewardship are easy to identify: access to authentic sites for assessment, repeat visits to heritage sites, a database to track changes in those sites over time, and volunteer training partnered with professional archaeologists. However, the “why”...
Defining Success in Public Archaeology Evaluation (2018)
There are few public archaeology outreach programs around the nation with concise or overarching programming standards and currently minimal data on the effectiveness of these programs (Kirkland & Carr, 2010). As organizations focus on meaningful impact with the public in terms of what are participants’ motivation for attending, perceptions of the programs, and variables affecting their appreciation, and perceptions of archaeology, they can improve their quality. Illustrations from case studies...
Defying Isolation: Pre-Civil War American Pottery Production and Marketing (2016)
Important to the study of historic pottery is removing notions of contemporary craft and dated research on potters both rural and urban being secluded to local markets. If archaeology is evidence of anything, it is evidence that potters were not isolated, even for the early vestiges of production in America. Kiln sites are also evidence of potters' interests and capability of making large quantities of pottery for a broad market, as well as often making both earthenware and stoneware in one...
The Degradation of Wooden- and Steel-Hulled Shipwrecks in the Marine Environment (2015)
A combination of oceanographic processes continuously interact with exposed shipwreck hull surfaces. Wood degradation primarily occurs when organisms break down cell structures, and marine borers and bacteria are the most common wood degraders found at shipwreck sites. Wood degradation also depends on other factors including the tree species utilized, level of microbial activity, and site-specific environmental conditions. In addition, the corrosion of steel-hulled shipwrecks does not occur...
Degrees of Freedom: Emancipated and Self-Emancipated People in Indiana and Kenya in the 19th Century (2015)
This paper uses two geographically disparate case studies to explore the roles of freedom and coercion in the lives of emancipated and self-emancipated people. Comparative archaeologies of freedom have much to teach us about the robust and enduring legacies of slavery. In mid- to late 19th-century Kenya, runaways (in Swahili, watoro) established independent settlements in the hinterlands after escaping enslavement on the coast. In 1879, hundreds of so-called "Exodusters"— African-American...
"Delicious Fathers of Abiding Friendship and Fertile Reveries": Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption at Fort Yamhill and Fort Hoskins, Oregon, USA, 1856-1866. (2013)
The presence of beverage alcohol containers and smoking pipes recovered from Fort Yamhill and Fort Hoskins is undeniable evidence for the consumption of such indulgence items at these two military posts. The historical and archival record is not only laden with evidence of this behavior but also suggests that these forts were punctuated by periods of the institutional acceptance and prohibition concerning the consumption of alcohol. The spatial distribution of the alcohol related artifacts...
Delineating Ancestral Tribal Territories in Western Washington Based on Flawed Interpretations of Historic Records and Archaeology: A Review of Contemporary Practices and Consequences (2015)
Historians and anthropologists have reviewed the history of problems associated with delineating tribes and tribal territories in Western Washington, noting often uncritical acceptance of historic records at face value, such as failure to consider the context, goals, and cultural viewpoints of those generating records. Such problems, unfortunately, persist in contemporary contexts where tribes create fictional histories to accommodate modern political and economic goals. Here I review flawed...
Democracy, Diversity, and Race: Interpreting humanities to the public through context of place at Jamestown (2018)
Jamestown Rediscovery’s museum and exhibits center on archaeological discoveries in and around 1607 James Fort, the first permanent English settlement in the new world. In addition, Jamestown is notable as the meeting place of the first representative government, the arrival of enslaved Africans, and for Virginia Indians. While the locations where these historic events took place do not change, the landscape often does, thus providing challenges to the communication of cultural concepts on the...