Eaton

Twelve seasons of work by archaeological field schools have resulted in the partial excavation of an Iroquoian village at the Eaton Site, located in western New York. One longhouse has been almost totally excavated and two others have been partially excavated. This paper reviews what is currently known about the site and presents information on the quantity and type of some of the artifacts recovered. It also looks at the distribution of some material relative to the excavated longhouses.

Symmetrical ground stone disk.

Histograms showing the distribution of whole flake scraper maximum thickness (N = 129), whole side scraper maximum thickness (N = 63), and whole endscraper maximum thickness (n = 133).

Three weight histograms: broken endscrapers, broken flake scrapers, and broken side scrapers. These are from the Eaton site.

These 3 histograms illustrate the weight of endscrapers (N = 133) flake scrapers (N = 129) and side scrapers (N =63) from the Eaton site.

GIS distribution of whole endscrapers on the Eaton site, created by Rod Salisbury.

GIS distribution of whole flake scrapers on the Eaton site, created by Rod Salisbury. Flake scrapers are defined here as unifacial distally retouched scrapers with a thin distal bit.

Histograms illustrating width of whole endscrapers (N = 133), flake scrapers (N = 129), and side scrapers (N = 63) from the Eaton site. These tools are largely unifacial.

After seventeen field school excavations, the Eaton Site assemblage is ready to be examined more closely. One hundred sixty-two endscrapers found on the site were studied. Just what endscrapers were used for and the controversy surrounding hafting is discussed. In addition, data concerning variability and patterning in six areas of the site are reported. What this suggests for the site, as well as the potential impact of extensive plowing on the sample, are also discussed. Site maps showing...

This M.A. uses post mold density of 3 partially excavated longhouses to estimate their duration of occupation.

A report of the Eaton faunal analysis.

A listing of gunflints and lead shot, compiled by Mike Roets.

Images of Madison Point refits from the Eaton Site. Numbers 1-56.

This file illustrates Madison point refits numbers 57-114. The numbers correspond to the cases in the Refit Tables.

This file contains data on possible Iroquoian chunkey stones.

This paper reports the discovery of late Paleoindian period points at the Eaton site, Erie County, NY. The authors describe three Holocombe style and three Hi-lo style points found in two discreet locations on the site. They briefly discuss how the discovery of these point styles at Eaton impacts arguments for increased localization of point style in the late Paleoindian period in the Great Lakes region.

In 1979, archaeological field school students recovered a small lead object from a 2 m x 2 m excavation unit at the Eaton Site. The object remained in a bag of chert debitage until 1994 when its resemblance to a human incisor was noted. This paper briefly describes the historic components of the site, describes the object, and advances four hypotheses regarding its possible function.

Two aspects of the artifact assemblage at the Eaton Site in Western New York are examined. First, in what way and to what extent did extensive plowing affect the integrity of the site context? The data suggest that some important inferences can be made. This allows for the second discussion, regarding behavioral patterns. Distribution maps of ceramic and lithic cross-mends, along with post mold maps are used to study waste streams at Eaton, with several distinct lines of refuse disposal...

Images of possible chunkey stones submitted to Bill Engelbrecht by Jennifer Birch from the Onondaga sites of Burke and Schoff and images submitted by Ellie McDowell-Louden from a fish weir site along the Otselic River (south of Syracuse).

This is an inventory of the human remains encountered during excavation. For images of grave goods, see "Eaton Grave Goods," document I.D. 467950. It is in the Collection: Eaton Unique Artifacts.

This manuscript compares morphological and distributional differences between endscrapers, flake scrapers and side scrapers at the Eaton site.

Photos of field school students from 1988 to 1993 including two group photos, one from 1981 and one from 1986.

Photos of field school students at the Eaton site from 1995-2000 along with some images of members of the Houghton Chapter of the New York State Archaeological Association, also working at the site.

This report by Linda Scott Cummings and Caitlin A. Clark describes protein residues on 3 chert specimens from Eaton.One specimen did not react to weak antisera, one suggested the processing of both dog and rabbit, and the third suggested processing domestic goat.

This article argues that Iroquoian endscrapers were used to scrape thick hides like bear, rather than thin hides like deer. For Tables and Figures, contact William Engelbrecht, engelbwe@gmail.com.

Eaton is a multicomponent site located in western New York. The major component consists of an Iroquoian village dating to the mid-sixteenth century. There is a high ratio of expedient lithic tools to debitage in the area of the palisade. We explore possible explanations for this distribution and discuss the implications for the construction and maintenance of a palisade.

Contains catalog numbers for 17 field seasons.

Images of rim sherds from southern units on the Eaton site.

Misc. photos from 1977. Group photo, front row left to right: Eva Thuman, Mary Louise Grasso, Karen Swanekamp, Patricia Fink, Virginia Rivard. Second row: Donald Manchester, Richard Cohen, Engelbrecht, Kenneth Richard.

Group photo, front row, left to right: Bonnie Gosset, James Hartner, Lisa Seivert, Jantina Day, Karen Swanekamp, Janet Balsom, Stephen Birmingham. Back row: Lynn Clark, Joseph Fleischman, Beryl Rosenthal, Nancy Collins, Donald Licht, Engelbrecht, William Wilson.

Misc. photos from the 1981 field season. For group photo, see "Eaton Photos of Students."

Miscellaneous photos from the 1983 season. Group Shot - First Row: Dow, Maldonado, Isseroff, Engelbrecht, Sadow, Chester, Stull. Second Row: Barker, Arnott, Clemente. Third Row: Szymoniak, Barber, Beaudet (?), Stachowski, Seiler, Saint-George, Soloman, Jividen, Ford, Doerrer, Pittari, Pickin, Abbott.

Misc. photos from the 1984 field school. Group Photo - Front Row: Crawley, Ford, Augenbaugh, Hoard, Colker. Second Row: Ostanski, Budrow, Bartolotta, Pierce, Myers, Benson, Nelson, Kingman. Back Row: Prince, Kruse, Engelbrecht, Gasper.

Misc. photos from the 1986 season. For a group photo from 1986, go to "Photos of students from 1988-1993."

Miscellaneous photos from the 1988 season.

This stone is 13 cm x 11 cm x 4.2 cm (max. dimensions) and is pitted on both sides.

A partially reconstructed ceramic vessel. Note mending hole.

Useful flakes can no longer be struck from exhausted cores.

Biface staging follows Callahan (1979) with the addition of the following half stages: 2.5 and 3.5. A Stage 4 biface preform is considered Late Stage. Biface fragments were too incomplete to be staged.

"Debris" tabulates whole and broken flakes and pieces of shatter. "Core Fragments" are larger chunks of chert greater than 2.5 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm.

This distribution map includes specimens that might be classified as drills, awls, gravers, reamers, or burins. Specimens may be broken or whole. Most specimens are bifacial or unifacially flaked, but a few are utilized flakes showing use wear on a projection.

Distribution of utilized flakes and utilized fragments. Fragments are defined as chunks of chert larger than 2.5 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm.

This shows the distribution of fire altered rock on the Eaton Site. It is tabulated in kilograms.

Distribution of both whole and broken knives. ""Total Knives" combines whole and broken knives into a single distribution.

Shows the distribution of pipe fragments on the site.

These are Madison (Iroquoian) points and point fragments.

Notches (spokeshaves) include bifacial and unifacial specimens along with utilized flakes; all characterized by having a notch. Also shown: the distribution of whole endscrapers and broken endscrapers. Broken endscrapers are generally represented by the end with steep retouch. Broken and whole endscraper tabulations are combined in the distribution "Total Endscrapers." The scraper and broken scraper categories encompass a variety of shapes and sizes, but all exhibit use wear. The distribution...

Unidentified Biface Fragment. 4 views.

Lamoka. 121 cm from 6S 26W, 96 cm from 6S 24W, depth = 39 cm.

Innes (Ace-of-Spades) Point (4 views)

Adena - Kramer Point. 4 views.

Innes (Ace-of-Spades) Point. 4 Views.

Unidentified Biface Fragment. 4 views. Image needs to be rotated slightly.

Lamoka Point.

Susquehanna Broad Point. 4 views.

Perkiomen Point. 4 views.

Susquehanna Broad Point. 4 views

Innes (Ace-of-Spades) Point. 4 Views.

This was originally classified as a Lamoka Point, but is now considered Non-diagnostic. Length = 21.6 mm, Width = 13.1 mm, Thickness = 7.1 mm.

Orient Fishtail Point. 4 views.

Kevin Smith identified this specimen as Brewerton - Locner. Photos by Nathan Arndt.

Levanna Point. 4 views. Image needs to be rotated. Length = 35.6 mm, Width = 33.8 mm, Thickness, = 6.8 mm, Onondaga chert Broken Levanna point, large, thin, with slightly incurvate base – unground and thinned with pressure flaking. Fractured diagonally along the midsection with a large roll-out fracture suggesting impact.

Multiple views of a bifurcate point, identified by Kevin Smith and photographed by Nathan Arndt. Length = 26 mm, Width = 19.4 mm, Thickness = 8.4, Early Archaic, Onondaga chert Complete but heavily reworked LeCroy type bifurcate point with long, expanding haft element ending in a bifurcated base with downturning, rounded ears flanking a bifacially thinned concavity. Blade expands at a nearly 90° angle from the hafting element but the form of the shoulders can't be determined because the blade...

Neville Point

Susquehanna Broad point. 4 views.

Susquehanna Broad Point. 4 views.

Unidentified point fragment. 4 views.

Susquehanna Broad Point. 4 views.

Innes (Ace-of-Spades) Point (4 views). Location =96 cm with respect to west wall, 71 cm with respect to south wall. Level 3 = approx. 25-35 cm in depth.

Susquehanna Broad Point. 4 views.

Orient Fishtail Point. 4 views.

Orient Fishtail Point. 4 views.

Early Archaic Kirk point, identified by Kevin Smith and photographed by Nathan Arndt. Found 20 cm from west wall and 86 cm from south wall at a depth of 20 cm.

Orient Point, originally classified as a Lamoka Point. 36 cm from north wall, 22 cm from west wall, depth = 14 cm w/t west wall.

Unidentified Point Fragment. 4 views.

Lamoka Point.

Lamoka Point.

Unidentified Point Fragment. 4 views.

Perkiomen Point. 4 views.

Unidentified Point Fragment. 4 views.

Crawford Knoll Point, formerly classified as a Lamoka Point (4 views).

Unidentified Point Fragment. 4 views.

Early Archaic bifurcate.

Unidentified Point Fragment. 4 views. Location: 158 cm with respect to northwest corner of unit, 100 cm with respect to southwest corner of unit. Depth = 24.5 cm.

Susquehanna Broad point. 4 views.

Orient Fishtail Point. 4 views. Found in 26S 4W at 126 cm from the southeast corner, 86 cm from the southwest corner, at a depth of 29 cm.

Susquehanna Broad Point. 4 views. Depth = 30 cm.

Susquehanna Broad Point. 4 views.

Levanna Point. 4 views.

Neville Point. 35 cm from 2S 19E and 168 cm from 2S 21E at a depth of 35 cm.

Unidentified Point Fragment. 4 views.

Susquehanna Broad Point. 4 views.

Genesee Point (4 views).

Genesee Point (4 views). location = 76 cm with respect to 8S 2W, 152 cm with respect to 6S 2W at a depth of 14 cm.

Unidentifed Point Fragment. 4 views. Image needs to be rotated.

Lamoka Point (4 views)

Unidentified Point Fragment. 4 views. Images need to be inverted.

Genesee Point (4 views).

Unidentified Point Fragment. 4 views.

Genesee Point (4 views). Location = 62 cm with respect to SW corner, 197 cm with respect to NW corner. Level 2 = approx. 15 cm - 25 cm.