Legacies on the Landscape

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

2006 Aerial Image of Richinbar Ruin and Associated Racetrack

DOCUMENT Full-Text Will Russell.

The Arizona State University (ASU) 2007 field season at Perry Mesa lasted from January to May, 2007. Accompanying laboratory efforts are ongoing. Within this field season, archaeological survey efforts were focused on the area surrounding Pueblo la Plata. Additional survey work was conducted at Bull Tank Farm, Pueblo Pato and the interfluve located south of Pueblo la Plata where ecological control samples have been collected. This chapter relates specifically to architectural features and...

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Aerial Image of Pueblo Pato, Outlying Structures, and Survey Boundary

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Aerial Image of Survey Areas Adjacent to Pueblo la Plata, Control Mesa, Bull Tank Farm/Fortified Garden, and Pueblo Pato

DOCUMENT Full-Text Todd Passick.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the agave surrounding three different pueblos located in the Agua Fria National Monument and to separate them into typologies which can then be compared to known species in the area to determine weather hyrbridiaztion had occurred. This analysis will help determine whether agaves on these three fields have been hybridized, either intentionally by early inhabitants, or by natural occurrences. This is done by placing the plants into groups based on...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Katie Johnson.

Many activities affect soil composition, wind, rain, volcanic activity, time, and mammals are just a few examples. Humans are one of the many organisms that affect soil; however they have a measurable impact in a short horizon of time compared to many of the other agents of soil formation. Human activities impact soil formation in many ways ranging from agricultural practices to building and mining, and even war. Understanding how agricultural processes impact the landscape is helpful as it...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa Kruse.

The prevailing interpretations of settlement patterns in the Perry Mesa region of central Arizona (ca. A.D. 1275-1400) focus on the defensive posture of the large aggregated villages. Other factors that may have influenced the locations of residential settlements, such as the distribution of agricultural land, have not been fully explored. This study addresses these issues by examining the relationship between residential site size and the distribution of agricultural land. The environmental...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Bibliographic references for research in the Agua Fria National Monument area

DOCUMENT Full-Text Paul Shockey. Christopher Watkins.

Project Description: Archaeological ceramics were systematically collected from the surface of three archaeological sites (Richinbar Ruin, Pueblo Pato, and Pueblo La Plata) within the Agua Fria National Monument. The fieldwork was part of the National Science Foundation sponsored “Alliance and Landscape: Perry Mesa, Arizona in the Fourteenth Century” project (BCS-0613201), administered by Dr. David R. Abbott and Dr. Katherine Spielmann of the Arizona State University School of Human Evolution...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Paul Shockey. Christopher Watkins.

Archaeological ceramics were systematically collected from the surface of five archaeological sites (Las Mujeres [aka Squaw Creek Ruin], Big Rosalie, Polles Pueblo, Mercer Ruin, Ister Flat Ruin) within the Tonto National Forest. The fieldwork was part of the National Science Foundation sponsored “Alliance and Landscape: Perry Mesa, Arizona in the Fourteenth Century” project (BCS-0613201), administered by Dr. David R. Abbott and Dr. Katherine Spielmann of the Arizona State University School of...

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Analytical Graphs and Data Derived from Rock Analyses from Transects at Pueblo la Plata

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Analytical Graphs Derived from Artifact Analyses from Transects at Pueblo la Plata

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Analytical Graphs Derived from Woody Plant Analyses from Transects at Pueblo la Plata

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa Kruse-Peeples.

Understanding agricultural land use requires the integration of natural factors, such as climate and nutrients, as well as human factors, such as agricultural intensification. Employing an agroecological framework, I use the Perry Mesa landscape, located in central Arizona, as a case study to explore the intersection of these factors to investigate prehistoric agriculture from A.D. 1275-1450. Ancient Perry Mesa farmers used a runoff agricultural strategy and constructed extensive alignments,...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Katherine Spielmann. Melissa Kruse-Peeples.

The spring 2004 pilot archaeological research at La Plata Pueblo was designed to begin acquiring data concerning the distribution, contents, and depth of midden deposits at the site. Midden of some depth is necessary for the Legacies project goals in order to obtain sufficient samples of 1) ceramics for an accumulations study and 2) well-preserved faunal and floral remains for comparative analysis with contemporary data on plant and animal distributions. Our data collection strategy involved a...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Lisa Baldwin. Caitlin Wichlacz.

Artifact and rock distributions were noticeably different across the landscape surrounding Pueblo La Plata. By sampling artifact and rock densities along three transects, we attempted to determine what the independent distribution patterns were for artifacts and for rocks. By combining our results, we hoped to see whether or not there was a correlation between artifact and rock densities across the site. We expected to see a drop in artifact densities farther from the pueblo, where less human...

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Artifact Data from Surface Collections and Observations at Legacies Sites

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Ceramic Counts from Prehistoric Sites on the Agua Fria National Monument

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Ceramic Types Encountered at Prehistoric Sites on the Tonto National Forest

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Collection Map for Soils Used in 2007 Grow Experiment

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

A Collection of Data from Small Sites Recorded during Survey at Pueblo la Plata

IMAGE Will Russell.

Graph comparing construction material mound heights for outlying structures at Pueblo Pato and Pueblo la Plata. The average mount height at Pueblo Pato is larger than at Pueblo la Plata, although the latter has a wider range of mound heights.

IMAGE Will Russell.

Graph comparing the distance of outlying structures to Pueblo la Plata on one hand and the number of rooms per structure on the other. Shows a general pattern wherein larger outliers tend to be closer to the pueblo.

IMAGE Will Russell.

Graph comparing the distance of outlying structures to Pueblo la Plata on one hand and the size of these structures (estimated floor area) on the other. Pattern suggests that outlying structures near the pueblo tend to be larger in size.

IMAGE Will Russell.

Pie chart showing the proportions of outlying structures at Pueblo la Plata with various room counts. Most outliers consist of one room. In general, there is a negative correlation between the number of rooms in a structure and their prevalence.

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Graphs comparing differences in soil sediment types at Pueblo la Plata, Bull Tank Farms, and Richinbar Ruin. Samples were taken from agricultural terraces with varying degrees of anthropogenic modification.

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Compilation of Plan Maps, Showing Construction Sequence at Pueblo la Plata

DOCUMENT Full-Text Caitlin Wichlacz.

Temper analysis of plain ware ceramics from Pueblo La Plata indicates that none of the pottery contains local sand. La Plata is located atop Perry Mesa in central Arizona, where basalt dominates the geology. Petrographic thin-section analysis confirmed the observation that basalt was not present, thereby implying that the tempering materials used to make the pottery were not locally obtained. Unless local potters went far afield to procure their temper, the pueblo residents probably obtained...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Michael Hoogendyk.

Prior research as a part of the Legacies on the Landscape project has addressed architectural issues at Richinbar Ruin. In the spring of 2005, Karen Schollmeyer wrote a paper, Architecture Studies at Richinbar Ruin, which outlined the rationale for and the results of study into how Richinbar was built. Since that time, changes due to both wild fires and seasonal variation potentially made possible the acquisition of improved data in the same area. The purpose of this study was to obtain that...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Will Russell. Nanebah Nez.

A brief introduction to the rock art of Perry Mesa and the ways in which the region's rock art can contribute to studies of movement and identity.

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Data and Analytical Graphs Derived from Rock Analyses from Transects at Pueblo la Plata

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Data from Sites on and around Perry Mesa

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Data from Surveys on La Plata Mesa and Control Mesa

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Data from Test Excavations at Pueblo la Plata

DOCUMENT Full-Text Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Chronometric dates obtained from excavations on Perry Mesa (after Fierro et al. 1980:259; Gummerman et al. 1975:31)

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Map series showing proposed stages of construction at Pueblo la Plata

DOCUMENT Full-Text John Briggs. Katherine A. Spielmann. Hoski Schaafsma. Keith Kintigh. Melissa Kruse. Kari Morehouse. Karen Schollmeyer.

Over the past five decades, ecologists and archaeologists have dismantled two longstanding theoretical constructs. Ecologists have rejected the “balance of nature” concept and archaeologists have dispelled the myth that indigenous people were “in harmony with nature”. Rejection of these concepts poses critical challenges to both fields as current disciplinary approaches are inadequate to grapple effectively with real-world complexities of socioecological systems. In this review, we focus on the...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Dana Nakase.

Prehistoric farmers in the semi-arid American Southwest were challenged by marked spatial and temporal variation in, and overall low levels of, precipitation with which to grow their crops. One strategy they employed was to modify their landscape with rock alignments in order to concentrate surface water flow on their fields. A second challenge that has been less focused on by archaeologists is the need to maintain soil fertility by replenishing nutrients removed from the soil by agricultural...

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Excavated Archaeofaunal Data from the Agua Fria National Monument

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Excavated Paleoethnobotanical Data from the Agua Fria National Monument

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Fauna Species Data from Transects at Pueblo la Plata

DOCUMENT Full-Text Uploaded by: Will Russell

Agave has been exploited throughout time and space for its sap, edible flesh, and fibers. Cultivation of this productive, multi-purpose plant took place within what is now Agua Fria National Monument at the pueblos of La Plata and Pato on Perry Mesa and Richinbar on Black Mesa. At these sites, the heart of the plant was removed for roasting and, subsequently, consumption. This is an experimental archaeology project that examines another aspect of agave exploitation: the fiber processing...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Excavation Unit 1E is one of six surface collection units around Pueblo LaPlata. The surface collection locations were determined by visually scanning the surface and selecting areas of high artifact concentration. Unit 1E is on the east side of the pueblo, approximately 7 meters from the extent of wall fall. The unit is slightly down slope in an area of high artifact concentration.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Katherine Spielmann.

Four graduate students (Kruse, Lei, Horn, and Schollmeyer), two undergraduate students (Osgood and Wichlacz), Hegmon and Spielmann worked at Pueblo La Plata February 6 and 7. Hegmon directed the continuation of the bonding and abutting study while Spielmann directed the initiation of the midden excavations.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Katherine A. Spielmann.

Final Report of the Spring 2007 Field Season - Legacies on the Landscape: Archaeological and Ecological Research at Agua Fria National Monument and Tonto National Forest

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Floral, Faunal, Soil, and Artifact Data from Transects at Pueblo la Plata

DOCUMENT Full-Text Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Two graphs that compare the levels of nitrogen and carbon in soils both on and off of prehispanic agricultural features, in the Agua Fria National Monument area and in the Cave Creek area

DOCUMENT Full-Text Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Graphs of Herbaceous Plant Data Comparisons

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Herbaceous Plant Data from Agua Fria National Monument

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Herbaceous Plant Data from Transects at Pueblo la Plata

IMAGE Will Russell.

A series of illustrations based on petroglyphs near Pueblo la Plata, Perry Mesa

DOCUMENT Full-Text Shana Leslie.

It is widely recognized that prehistoric peoples of the American Southwest cultivated and utilized agave to a great extent. The occupants of three 13th-14th century sites, found on Perry and Black Mesas in Arizona’s Agua Fria National Monument, did just that. How and to what extent their agricultural actions have affected modern day agave populations is a topic of much interest. The purpose of this paper is to provide an account of intersite agave variability among Pueblo La Plata, Pueblo Pato,...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Will Russell.

Beginning in 2006 and as part of Arizona State University’s Legacies on the Landscape Project (Spielmann et al. 2005), I undertook preliminary research regarding a small corpus of long, linear clearings in the Perry Mesa region of Central Arizona. Coined “racetracks”, these had been recorded at the eight largest pueblos on Perry Mesa and neighboring Black Mesa. They had been noted by past archaeologists (e.g., Ahlstrom and Roberts 1995:37; Ahlstrom et al. 1992; North 2002; Wilcox et al. 2001;...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Katherine Spielmann. Lisa Baldwin. John Briggs. Kari Horn. Karen Schollmeyer. Caitlyn Wichlasz.

While the archaeological work at Pueblo La Plata has begun to provide critical data concerning prehistoric demography, ceramic accumulations, and use of plants and animals, it was on the transect surveys that the collaboration between archaeological and ecological research came to fruition in the 2004 field season. This report discusses the data collection protocol that was developed to collect archaeological, small mammal, plant, and rock cover data on these transects, and presents preliminary...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa Kruse-Peeples. Hoski Schaafma. Katherine Spielmann. John Briggs.

The Perry Mesa region in central Arizona was the location of a major pulse of residential occupation and extensive agricultural land use from about a.d. 1275 to a.d. 1450. Recent research carried out by a collaborative team of archaeologists and ecologists has documented the ways in which short-term and small-scale agricultural land use transformed ecological systems in the region over long periods of time. Results from recent analyses relating to different spatial scales of prehistoric...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Cara Steiner Kiggins.

The architecture of Las Mujeres (also known as Squaw Creek Ruin and NA 12555) was examined as part of the Legacies on the Landscape research project during the Spring 2007 field season. Room construction sequences, as indicated by bonded or abutted corners, are indicators of population growth. These patterns of bonded and abutted corners suggest whether a pueblo was built all at once or instead built incrementally through the gradual accretion of rooms. A gradual accretion of rooms could...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Sharon Hall. Jolene Trujillo. Dana Nakase. Colleen Strawhacker. Melissa Kruse-Peeples. Hoski Schaafsma. John Briggs.

Closely integrated research between archaeologists and ecologists provides a long-term view of human land use that is rare in the ecological literature, allowing for investigation of activities that lead to enduring environmental outcomes. This extended temporal perspective is particularly important in arid lands where succession occurs slowly and ecosystem processes are mediated by abiotic, geomorphic factors. Numerous studies show that impacts from ancient human actions can persist, but few...

PROJECT Arizona State University, Department of Anthropology.

Project includes archaeological and ecological research on prehistoric sites in the Perry Mesa region of central Arizona focused on understanding long term human impacts on the landscape. Research area is within the Agua Fria National Monument managed by the BLM.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Joanna Iacovelli.

An illustrated guide to the plants found on the Agua Fria National Monument

DOCUMENT Full-Text Katherine A. Spielmann.

This document presents the scope of work proposed for Spring 2005 at Agua Fria National Monument. The research is one phase of an on-going project concerned with the long-term effects of prehistoric agriculture on contemporary ecosystem structure and function at Agua Fria National Monument (see Kruse et al. 2004; Schollmeyer 2004; Schollmeyer et al. 2004). Accompanying this document is a copy of our recently submitted NSF proposal that provides more detail on the overall research plan. This...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Karen Schollmeyer.

In 2003-04, the Legacies on the Landscape project began research concerning the long-term legacies of prehistoric and modern human land use in the desert grassland environment of the Agua Fria National Monument. This project is a collaborative effort between archaeologists and ecologists. During the first year of project research, faculty, graduate students, and undergraduates from the Department of Anthropology and the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University worked with...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Katherine Spielmann. Hoski Schaafma. Sharon Hall. Melissa Kruse-Peeples. John Briggs.

The Legacies on the Landscape Project is an ongoing collaboration between ecology and archaeology faculty, graduate, and undergraduate students at Arizona State University. The project was born out of the recognition that strongly integrated interdisciplinary research was essential for understanding human-ecosystem interactions. Our particular case study is focused on understanding the long-term legacy of prehistoric human land use on the ecology of semi-desert grasslands in the Southwestern...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Sarah Ventre.

When trying to analyze human impact on the environment one of the first questions that comes to mind is what long-term effects agriculture has on the land. This research examines the effect of agricultural terracing in terms of soil content and fertility. Specifically, does prehistoric agricultural terracing affect the number and type of seeds in the soil, and thereby the soil’s fertility? Soil fertility is a complex question and studies have been done to analyze the chemical content of soils...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Will Russell.

Although not ubiquitous, unique cultural features known as “racetracks” are characteristic (Ahlstrom et al. 1992) of the Perry Mesa Tradition (Fish et al. 1975), which existed in Central Arizona’s mesa and canyon complex between ca A.D. 1300 and 1400 (Ahlstrom et al. 1992) . Prior to this season’s research, eight racetracks had been identified at pueblos upon Perry Mesa and neighboring Black Mesa (Wilcox et al. 2001). As a result of research this semester, the number of confirmed and likely...

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Map of Archaeological Site Locations on Perry Mesa

IMAGE Will Russell.

Map of Pueblo la Plata and outlying structures. Each structure is represented by an icon, the size of which is proportionate to the number of rooms in that structure.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Will Russell. Nanebah Nez.

Poised between the Sonoran Desert and Colorado Plateau, Perry Mesa and Black Mesa constitute a rugged landform split by the Agua Fria River of central Arizona. This landscape was largely unoccupied prior to the late thirteenth century but witnessed a steady and rapid stream of immigrants beginning around A.D. 1250-1275. Today, the region is enjoying newfound archaeological attention, much of which is focused on why immigrants chose this place as a destination and how they survived after...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Will Russell. Hoski Schaafsma. Katherine A. Spielmann.

Throughout the Southwestern United States and Mesoamerica, prehistoric people used running and racing as a means of religious expression, personal sacrifice and community cohesion. In such context, the physical location of racing was often unimportant and constructed facilities were relatively rare. In the Perry Mesa region of Central Arizona, however, manufactured “racetracks” were highly formalized and represent the only form of communal architecture in this area. We studied these features...

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Measurements taken from agave plants at Pueblo Pato, Perry Mesa.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa Kruse.

A common issue of the Legacies on the Landscape project in the Perry Mesa region in Central Arizona is determining if the differences in the landscape are the result of prehistoric land use or if these differences in ecosystem structure represent a preexisting landscape patchiness that attracted prehistoric people to certain locales. This analysis investigates the settlement patterns of Perry Mesa as they relate to warfare and/or the perceived threat of warfare in the region. Perry Mesa...

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan map of Pueblo la Plata, showing 2004 excavation units and surface collection units

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan map of agricultural features identified in the drainage between Pueblo la Plata and Control Mesa

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map of Agricultural Features in the Drainage South of Pueblo la Plata and Locations of Soil and Plant Samples Collected

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa Kruse-Peeples.

Plan map of agricultural terraces at Bull Tank Farm, Perry Mesa.

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map of Baby Canyon Pueblo and architecture in the saddle immediately south of the pueblo

IMAGE Melissa Kruse-Peeples.

Plan map showing the agricultural features of Bull Tank Farm, in relation to Speedway Pueblo, Fortified Garden Racetrack, and the Fortified Garden site.

IMAGE Melissa Kruse-Peeples.

Plan map showing the agricultural features of Bull Tank Farm, in relation to Speedway Pueblo and the Fortified Garden site.

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map of Perry Mesa and Sites where 2007 Research Took Place

IMAGE Will Russell.

Plan map of Pueblo de las Mujeres (Perry Mesa), showing pueblo corner construction

IMAGE Melissa Kruse-Peeples.

Plan map of Sections 1, 2, 3, and 4 within the Pueblo la Plata Agricultural Field

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map of Pueblo la Plata, Showing 2004 Random Sampling Unit Locations

IMAGE Sara Mapes.

Plan map of Pueblo la Plata, showing corner construction

IMAGE Will Russell.

Plan map of Pueblo la Plata (Perry Mesa), showing pueblo corner construction

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map of Pueblo Pato and 10 Agave Concentrations

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map of Pueblo Pato and Soil Sample Collection Locations

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map of Richinbar Ruin and Surrounding Area

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map of Richinbar Ruin Architecture

IMAGE Will Russell.

Plan map of Richinbar Ruin (Black Mesa), showing pueblo corner construction

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map of Richinbar Ruin, Showing Soil and Plant Sample Collection Locations

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map Showing Agave Fields near Pueblo la Plata

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map Showing Archaeological Sites and Agricultural Areas Identified during Surveys near Pueblo la Plata

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan Map Showing Archaeological Sites and Agricultural Areas Identified during Surveys near Pueblo la Plata and on Control Mesa

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Plan map of agricultural features identified in the drainage between Pueblo la Plata and Control Mesa, showing places from which pollen samples were collected.

IMAGE Will Russell.

In the spring of 2005, students with the Legacies on the Landscape project, under the direction of Matt Peeples, located and recorded outlying structures in the vicinity of Pueblo la Plata, on Perry Mesa. Outlying structures were mapped using the tape and compass method, resulting in plan maps by Will Russell.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Susan J. Smith.

Agricultural terraces from two sites on Perry Mesa (La Plata and Bull Tank) and one site at the north edge of Black Mesa (Richinbar Ruin) were investigated using pollen analysis. The samples are listed in Table 1 by site and context. The sites are located on mesas bounding canyons containing the headwaters of the Agua Fria River. Native populations of Agave parryi grown on the mesas and around sites grow hybrid agaves (Agave chrysantha x A. parryi) that are living artifacts of pre-Columbian...

DATASET Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Pollen Data from Richinbar Ruin

DOCUMENT Full-Text Stacey McGee.

Numerous factors affect soil composition, including the parent rock, time, rainfall, wind, and animal burrowing and wastes, but human activities undoubtedly cause the most extensive change in soil properties over the shortest periods of time. At Pueblo La Plata, intensive agricultural practices were utilized for just over 200 years, and yet, six centuries later, the legacies created on the landscape are still as visible. This paper will focus on the effects of prehistoric agriculture on soil...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Sophia Kelly. David Abbott. Gordon Moore. Christopher Watkins. Caitlin Wichlacz.

Regional demographic movements during the mid 13th-14th centuries signaled corresponding changes to social and economic networks throughout the American Southwest. In the high mesa country of central Arizona large, masonry pueblos were constructed around AD 1250–1300 overlooking the vertical walls of Perry Mesa, in the Bloody Basin, and along the middle Verde River valley. As these settlement clusters coalesced, a 45 km expanse of empty land opened between the upland pueblos and the densely...

IMAGE Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Profile Map of Examined Agricultural Terraces at Richinbar Ruin

DOCUMENT Full-Text Legacies on the Landscape Project, Arizona State University.

Room corner construction data for the sites of Pueblo de las Mujeres, Pueblo la Plata, and Richinbar Ruin