Wyoming Archaeological Society

DOCUMENT Full-Text James D. Keyser. George Poetschat.

During a field trip in conjunction with the Fall 2006 meeting of the Wyoming Association of Professional Archaeologists (WAPA), the authors led a group to the Gateway petroglyphs (48LN348), which had been recorded two years before (Keyser and Poetschat 2005). During the site visit a combination of low-angled Fall sunlight (on September 16) and the attention of several experienced rock art researchers resulted in the recognition of a large elk figure, only parts of which (legs, antlers) had been...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Vicki Finley.

Proper collections management is crucial to archaeology. Recent trends in conservation archaeology recognize the nonrenewable nature of archaeological sites and highlight the research potential of existing archaeological collections.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Heidi Humphreys.

Data recovery excavations at archaeological site 48SW5815 were completed by Western Archaeological Services in the winter of 2012- 2013. 48SW5815 yielded an assemblage of remains suggesting the site area was primarily a locus of repeated low intensity, short-term occupations by hunter-gatherer groups practicing a highly organized subsistence strategy using task specific activity areas which employed greater mobility within a broad spectrum collecting/ foraging system. The excavation of the three...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Brent A. Buenger.

The archaeological excavation at the Confluence Housepit site yielded a single housepit feature, two associated subfloor thermal basins internal to the housepit substructure, one thermal basin exterior to the housepit substructure, and associated artifacts. The deposit is dated to the Opal phase of the Early Archaic period through four conventional radiocarbon age estimates ranging between 5000 ± 40 and 5390 ± 40 years B.P. The housepit, associated features, and cultural materials are viewed as...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Brent A. Buenger.

Archaeological excavations at the Ferris Dune site (48CR310) yielded two buried cultural components. Component 1 dated to the Late Prehistoric Uinta phase (950 ± 30 years B.P.), and Component 2 dated to the Late Archaic Deadman Wash phase (1920 ± 30 years B.P.). Component 1 represents a relatively well preserved hunting camp where at least two bison were processed, while the cultural materials associated with Component 2 were appreciably more ephemeral and representative of a nondescript short...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Brent A. Buenger.

The excavated cultural deposit at the Pathfinder Ranch site (48CR332) yielded five cultural components dating to the Uinta phase of the Late Prehistoric (Component 1), the Deadman Wash phase of the Late Archaic (Components 1-2), and the Pine Spring phase of the Late Archaic (Components 3-5). The cultural materials recovered from the five components suggests the occupations represent temporally punctuated short-term hunter-gatherer camps likely characterized by large mammal faunal resource...

DOCUMENT Full-Text William R. Latady. Allen D. Darlington.

Before stabilization activities in 1982, limited archaeological testing was undertaken at the Fort Fred Steele Bridge Tender’s House. Questions existed concerning later replacement or remodeling of the original structure. Archaeological investigations were oriented toward establishing the date of initial construction on the structure and identification of any later building activities. Information gained through excavation , supplemented with historical research, suggests the extant structure...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Richard Adams. Paul H. Sanders. Mark E. Miller.

We summarize here results of a data recovery effort at the MiniTrue site, 48UT1984. Between 1998 and 2000, the Office of the Wyoming State Archaeologist conducted testing and excavation at the site on behalf of the Wyoming Department of Transportation. MiniTrue is a Uinta Phase pronghorn processing locale in the Green River Basin, Uinta County, Wyoming. Two components were identified, both being short-term, task specific activity areas. Radiocarbon dates establish the oldest component at about...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Dirk Murcray.

The preliminary investigation of the hunting complex was essentially a blind reconnaissance performed on a volunteer basis. The primary goal was to locate, and document as thoroughly as possible, all portions of the drift fence and any potentially related sites. As the investigation proceeded, attempts at interpretation required continual revision with new findings. By the end of the field season, the primary goal of locating the drift fence in its entirety was accomplished, however the initial...

DOCUMENT Full-Text David Eckles.

Recent research on the Garrett Allen site has discussed the excavation history, projectile points and chronology of the site (Eckles 2013), chipped stone raw materials and obsidian sourcing (Eckles and Guinard 2015), chipped stone projectile points (Eckles and Miller 2019), and research potential of the collection (Clauter 2013). Data on these topics have indicated support for the idea the site represents a series of special place gatherings over about 3,100 years of prehistoric occupation....

DOCUMENT Full-Text James D. Keyser.

Bear Gulch, an extensive rock art site in central Montana, has several examples of a distinctive shield design showing a bear emerging from its den. This design is known from both ethnographic shields and other rock art images across the Northwestern Plains, including two shields at the Castle Gardens site in Wyoming and one from Montana’s Valley of the Shields site. The comparison of the designs from Bear Gulch with others from both ethnographic sources and other rock art sites illustrates part...

DOCUMENT Full-Text David Eckles. Jody A. Clauter. Mark E. Miller. Danny N. Walker.

Investigations at the Cedar Gap site ( 48NA83) resulted in the identification of a buried bison bone bed, buried bison bone processing areas, stone circles and stone cairns, and an extensive scatter of chipped stone artifacts along with pottery fragments. A Besant/Woodland component is present which includes the bone bed and processing areas. A Late Prehistoric to Protohistoric component is also present in at least one stone circle. The site contains one of the relatively few Besant components...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Laura L. Scheiber.

This bibliography is a selected list of publications and manuscripts pertaining to sites with known mortuary contexts on the Northwestern Plains. It is not a commentary on the political and ethical concerns surrounding the studying of human skeletal remains or mortuary sites but on the results of past research. A few of the sources which have been included focus on osteological data rather than reference to particular archaeological sites. Others are outside the scope of the geographic area but...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Joe Bozovich.

The Bozovich family archaeological collection contains over 5,000 surface-collected artifacts from 712 sites in southwestern Wyoming during the period between 1932 and 1992. All the artifacts were cataloged with their own catalog number . Data were then entered into an IBM-PC computer using the Dbase III (r) software program. Specific objectives were to: 1. Place all artifacts into approximate archaeological time periods. 2. Make sets of tables for various time periods on: artifact types;...

DOCUMENT Full-Text James A. Lowe.

The Southern Sublette collection represents an array of characteristics within the Scottsbluff and Eden styles of the Cody Complex. There is also clear evidence of individual knapping styles within the identified cultural styles which can be attributed to the idiosyncratic behavior and technological constraints of the flint knapper and that person’s own level of expertise and choice of material. Because of the surface nature of each individual artifact found, lack of geologic context or...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Mark E. Miller. Galen R. Burgett.

Test excavations at the Cache Hill site (48CA61) in Campbell County, Wyoming exposed a thick bison bonebed in the bottom of an arroyo formed by a first order tributary in the Powder River drainage basin. A radiocarbon date and comparisons with other assemblages show a Late Prehistoric context for the bison kill-butchery event. Current taphonomic and archaeological models for bonebed accumulation, distribution, and dispersal are considered to aid in interpreting site structure. The research...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Kerry Lippincott. Steven Wallace. Kathy Winham. R. Peter Winham.

This canid foot bone bead workshop/activity area was discovered at 48CA1366, the Harrier Nest site, a stratified, multicomponent camp along the Belle Fourche River. The major components at the site included Late Prehistoric tipi rings on the surface, a sequence of at least two buried occupations by ceramic bearing peoples with ties to Missouri River earthlodge villages, and a deeply buried Middle/Late Archaic living structure. Radiocarbon dates are available for each of the components. The site...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Lawrence Loendorf.

In 1987 a broken ceramic vessel was discovered at the Castle Gardens site in central Wyoming. Craig Bromley, Bureau of Land Management, assisted by members of the Wyoming Archaeological Society, conducted a test excavation recovering about 80% of the pot. Gail Gossett carefully restored the pot (Figure 1). In 1996, the Bureau of Land Management asked me to examine the restored pot; to offer a description of its manufacturing technique and its other attributes; and to compare the pot to other...

DOCUMENT Full-Text David Eckles. Timothy R. Nowak.

The EKW #1 site (48NA969) was located during a class III survey of the Edness Kimball Wilkins State Park in 1984 (Eckles 1984). The site appeared as a large surface scatter of artifacts and bone, covering over five acres. The site was considered unusual at the time due to the high numbers of prehistoric ceramic artifacts. Late Prehistoric age projectile points, a variety of chipped stone tools, shell beads and animal bone were also recorded during the surface inventory. The density of surface...

DOCUMENT Full-Text L. C. Steege.

Implement making is a definite human characteristic. Since the beginning, primitive man made and used artifacts. Some were fashioned for tools; others for weapons; still others were made for ornamental and ceremonial purposes. One of the major tasks of an archaeologist is the collection and classification of these artifacts.

DOCUMENT Full-Text David Eckles. Adam Guinard.

In this article, chipped stone raw materials from the Garrett Allen site are discussed, with emphasis on the stone tools. As indicated by Eckles (2103), who discussed the history of investigations and chronology, this is one of several articles to be presented on various aspects of the site’s artifacts. One of the remarkable aspects of the site is the variety of chipped stone raw materials. There are varieties of flint, chert, agate, jasper, chalcedony, petrified wood, orthoquartzite,...

DOCUMENT Full-Text John P. Laughlin. Marcel Kornfeld. C. Vance Haynes. Dewey Baars. George C. Frison. Mary Lou Larson.

During the 2003 University of Wyoming field season (Lamberson et al. 2003), auger probes placed at the Baars Locality verified the buried paleosol extended northwest of the arroyo (Figure 3). Two one-by-one meter test units were established at the Baars Locality (14F42-18 and 14F38-24). Work on unit 14F42-18 was finished the 2003 summer while 14F38-24 was only partially excavated. In the spring of 2004, a small crew spent two days finishing 14F38-24, and also excavated two other test units...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Mark D. Hanson.

North American archaeology is well behind European archaeology in effectively addressing the special conservation concerns for metal artifacts. The primary threat to archaeological metals is corrosion. The copper alloy cartridge cases and lead slugs recovered from Fort Fred Steele, Wyoming, are excellent examples of metal corrosion and conservation in North America. With a basic understanding of corrosion and corrosion products, effective recovery, cleaning, and storage techniques can be devised...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Richard Adams.

A soapstone pipe fragment was found at 48SW14906, an NRHP-eligible prehistoric site near the Eden Reservoir in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, by archaeologists working for Kail Consulting. Prehistoric chipped stone bifaces, metaquartzite and chert debitage, and five fire-cracked rock scatters were also found at 48SW14906.

DOCUMENT Full-Text A. Dudley Gardner.

Chinese immigrants began to arrive in large numbers in Wyoming Territory in 1869. Archaeological excavations from 1990 to the present are beginning to shed some light on how these immigrants structured their households and communities. We now have a clearer picture as to how scattered nineteenth century Chinese communities in southwestern Wyoming were linked together. The community ties that evolved benefited the immigrants in several ways. Here we will suggest that the household structures that...

DOCUMENT Full-Text John W. Greer. Mavis Greer.

An open cave in an active tourist area on the east side of the Bighorn Mountains is covered with intensive graffiti obscuring the original wall surface. However, inspection of the cave walls revealed earlier Native American grooves among and beneath modern incisions and paint. These figure are part of a common rock art theme dating back at least to the Late Archaic and continues into the Historic period, with grooves at this site probably made during the Late Prehistoric period. Although many...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Dr. Mavis Greer. John W. Greer.

A Scottsbluff point was recently found in an upland area on a sand-covered slope next to an intermittent drainage. No additional materials were noted on the surface, but there is a potential for buried cultural deposits of interest to Paleoindian studies.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Craig S. Smith. Marcia Peterson.

This article summarizes excavation results at the Crooks Gap Housepit site (Site 48FR6260) completed by Cardno ENTRIX in 2010 and then compares those results with 20 other excavated housepits at eight sites located within 20 km of the site (Figure 1). The results are provided in more detail in Peterson and Smith (2012). The Crooks Gap Housepit site is a multicomponent site situated in aeolian deposits near Crooks Creek in southeastern Fremont County, Wyoming. One of the components contains the...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Mark E. Miller. George C. Frison.

During the fall of 1987, an archaeological crew from the University of Wyoming and Wyoming State Archaeologist’s Office conducted salvage recovery at a vandalized bonebed locality near the original Finley (48SW5) Paleoindian site in Sweetwater County. Efforts focused (1) on obtaining a bison skeletal sample disturbed earlier, (2) on documenting the site area for the Wyoming SHPO Cultural Records, and (3) on a small testing program to investigate whether intact Cody age archaeological deposits...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Bill Matthews.

The prehistoric component of the Boyd Cow Camp Archaeological Site (48SH1740) was first identified during an archaeological survey conducted by ACR Consultants, Inc., as part of a forest-wide Grazing and Vegetation Management Analysis. The site was later revisited by Terra Alta Archaeology. The prehistoric component is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D while the historic component was found not eligible with SHPO concurrence. Both contractors and...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Charles W. Koenig. Amanda M. Casta. McKenna L. Litynski. Todd A. Surovell. Sarah A. Allaun.

In April 2021, an earth oven feature was identified eroding from a Laramie River terrace (48AB3354). The oven consists of a thick zone of charcoal and carbon-stained sediment overlain by a layer of fire-cracked sandstone, all within a shallow depression and capped by alluvium. Below the feature were several unburned fragments of large mammal bone, but no other artifacts were observed. Although no formal testing was conducted, the feature was profiled and samples were collected for radiocarbon...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Marit Bovee.

Small mammal remains, rodents, lagomorphs and insectivores, are commonly found within archaeological sites. However, presence does not equate to cultural use. Small mammals can become part of the archaeological record because of natural death, pitfalls, raptors and mammalian carnivores; as well as human use. Here these processes are compared and three main criteria are suggested for differentiating the cultural from non-cultural processes – environmental, archaeological context, and bone...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Joshua L. Tatman.

The goal of this paper is to add to the shallow base of data on taphonomic processes affecting small mammal remains in archaeological contexts. To that end, faunal assemblages from two sites, the Rabbit Bone Cave, and the Wolf Den Cave will be compared. For the purpose of this project, only leporid remains will be compared. Both Lepus sp. and Sylvilagus sp. remains will be analyzed in this project. The comparisons made in this paper represent an attempt to differentiate between assemblages of...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Larry J. Zimmerman.

The topic of Archaeology Awareness Month “Who Owns the Past?” is most perplexing. As an archaeologist, I have been trained to respect the past, both by trying to explore it through archaeological research and to protect it from the depredations of looting, construction and other forces that destroy its remains. Like many of my colleagues, I have understood the archaeological past to be a public heritage, one that no one could own. However, through a quarter-century professional career in...

DOCUMENT Full-Text David Eckles. Jeffrey Lockwood. Rabinder Kumar. Dale Wedel. Danny N. Walker.

During archaeological monitoring of highway construction at site 48SW8319 in 1991, the remains of a single modern horse, Equus caballus, were uncovered by heavy construction equipment. The site is located next to the Blacks Fork River in Sweetwater County. The site lies in the Green River geomorphic basin (also known as the Bridger Basin) of southwestern Wyoming, on the east side of the Blacks Fork River near the head of Flaming Gorge Reservoir. Gravel deposits are present in the terrace and...

DOCUMENT Full-Text L. C. Steege.

Clovis points have a wide range of distribution throughout the Northern Plains and Southern Plains regions. They derive their name from the city of Clovis, New Mexico, near which they were first discovered in 1932.

DOCUMENT Full-Text L. C. Steege.

<html>One of the most controversial points of the Early Prehistoric Period was discovered eight miles west of the town of Folsom, New Mexico, in 1926. The discovery of artifacts associated with articulated bones of extinct mammals of Pleistocene Age came quite unexpectedly with the excavation of a fossil bison remains. Two fragments of artifacts were found in the loose dirt of the diggings. A third fragment was found sometime later still in position in clay surrounding a rib of one of the bison....

DOCUMENT Full-Text L. C. Steege.

The Midland point derives its name from the style of projectile points found at the Scharbauer site located near Midland, Texas. However, the Scharbauer site was not the first to produce these points.

DOCUMENT Full-Text L. C. Steege.

Sandia points were first discovered in a cave in the Sandia Mountains of New Mexico and they derived their name from this location. Excavation of this cave was sponsored by the University of New Mexico and was started in February 1936.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Matthew R. Pistono.

In the spring of 1994, ethnographic fieldwork was conducted at the University of Wyoming Visiting Scholars’ laboratory . The organization of the labor process was analyzed that evidenced social interdependency. The laboratory functioned properly because of the pragmatic actions of the director of the laboratory. While openly demonstrating personal views on gender biases in western society, the University, and archaeology, the director diffused any animosity among workers by adorning the...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Susan Murray. Matthew Kautzman. Stacy R. Goodrick.

Data recovery excavations were conducted during the 2010 field season by Western Archaeological Services at four prehistoric sites located within the Bridger Coal Company Underground Lease area. These sites include the Paired Feature site (48SW7456), the Kindra site (48SW7457), the Jake Roble site (48SW15052), and the North Side Playa site (48SW17323). The project area is located in southwest Wyoming within the Deadman Wash drainage system in the western portion of the Wyoming Basin. The area is...

DOCUMENT Full-Text James Gillentine. Dee Ann Espinoza.

Data recovery excavations were conducted at 48CR103 in southern Carbon County, Wyoming. A single component was identified consisting of at least three features. Soil profiles from these excavations indicated a deflated dunal setting which experienced a high degree of erosion from extensive livestock grazing and extended drought conditions. While no radiometric datable material was recovered, lithic tools suggest a Middle to Late Plains Archaic Period of occupation. Artifacts and features show...

DOCUMENT Full-Text David Eckles.

Excavations at the Garrett Allen (Elk Mountain) archaeological site recovered a large and diverse faunal assemblage. The purpose of this article is to summarize data on the faunal remains with emphasis on the unusual aspects of the assemblage. A brief introduction to the site excavations and chronology is presented first. More detailed information about previous investigations at the site is discussed in Eckles (2013).

DOCUMENT Full-Text Viola Gardner.

The goal of the project described here was to document all graffiti, both historic and contemporary, as a means of preservation. The building is scheduled to undergo a major renovation which will effectively destroy any remnants of the building’s past. The recording project focused on the second floor, as that was where the bulk of the changes will be made.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Akira Ono.

In the study of Paleolithic flaked bone tools, the most important criteria are the quality of preservation and completeness when we are trying to elucidate details of fracture on cylindrical bones. There are virtually no examples which adequately satisfy these criteria. We must use specimens which are as close to the ideal conditions. The close-to-the-ideal conditions are: 1) the bones are from sites where hunting of large mammals was carried out; 2) the site is considered or close to...

DOCUMENT Full-Text A. Dudley Gardner. Barbara Clarke.

Recent work in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado is demonstrating the extent of maize agricultural may be extended into the canyons of the Green River. This paper will look at how the Fremont utilized plant resources along their northern frontier to extend their occupation northward. We will synthesize the results of recent excavations and surveys to explain the nature ofFremont agriculture north of the Gates of Ladore on the Green River.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Kerry Lippincott.

The subject of freshwater mussels in Wyoming archaeology is of more importance than might first appear and seems not to have been recognized by students of Wyoming archaeology. A significant body of data exists concerning mussels’ biological description, ecology, and relationships as well as the archaeological identification and prehistoric cultural connections of mussels. The following draws on those data and applies it to an example of Wyoming’s archaeologically recovered mussels from the...

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DOCUMENT Full-Text Patrick O. Mullen.

The history of mountaineering, rock climbing, and ski mountaineering in the Teton mountain range of northwestern Wyoming has been essential to the development of those sports in North America as well as the cultural and economic development of northwestern Wyoming. As such, the routes essential to the development of Teton climbing can and should be recorded as linear historic sites eligible for the National Register of Historic Places similar to the historic Tower Ladder (48CK1641) (McKoy 2000)...

DOCUMENT Full-Text David Reiss. David Eckles. Karin M. Guernsey. Michael McFaul. William R. Doering.

The Grass Creek (48HO120) site is a multicomponent prehistoric site preserved within an alluvial terrace on Grass Creek in north-central Wyoming. The principal component of the site is a housepit (Feature 31) with artifacts dating to the Middle Plains Archaic Period. Faunal and floral analysis suggests small mammals and certain plant taxa were used as food sources and prepared within the housepit. The lithic analysis suggests that tool maintenance or final tool production occurred within the...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Cody Newton.

Chipped stone is a ubiquitous part of the prehistoric hunter-gatherer archaeological record in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. It has long been recognized many chipped stone tools represent one element of a composite tool system which includes other perishable materials, such as wood and animal products. Because these latter materials rarely preserve, understanding the role of stone tools in prehistoric contexts is difficult. Although rare, some complete examples of these composite tools...