Sapelo Island
This collection contains the digital resources for all Georgia Department of Natural Resoures Historic Preservation Division's (GA DNR HPD) records pertaining to Sapelo Island. It also includes some materials maintained by members of the Sapelo Island Archaeological Research Consortium.
The collection is divided into subcollections based on sites that GA DNR HPD manages on Sapelo Island. The following subcollections correspond to archaeological sites: Bank Stabilization/ Spalding's Long Tabby, Behaviour Cemetery, Bourbon Field, Chocolate, Gullah Geechee, Lighthouse, Mission Archaeology, Pumpkin Hammock, Raccoon Bluff, and Shell Ring. One subcollection labeled Sapelo Island General/Miscellaneous Resources contains additional materials related to archaeological research, cultural resource management, and/or volunteer events that GA HPD DNR conducts on the island.
Site Name Keywords
General •
Chocolate Plantation •
Lighthouse •
Behavior Cemetery •
High Point •
Bourbon Field •
Shell Ring Complex •
Bank Stabilization / (Spalding's Long Tabby) •
Mission Archaeology / North of Shell Ring Complex •
Pumpkin Hammock
Site Type Keywords
Non-Domestic Structures •
Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex •
Archaeological Feature •
Plantation Site •
Funerary and Burial Structures or Features •
Cemetery •
Water-Related •
Midden •
Ball Court •
Historic Structure
Other Keywords
GPR Survey •
Plantation •
GPS •
Mission San Joseph de Sapala •
MIdden •
complex societies •
Shell •
Historic residence, lighthouse, Sapelo, Island •
Field School •
Excavation Data
Culture Keywords
Historic •
Prehistoric •
Archaic •
African American •
Mississippian •
Woodland •
Late Archaic •
Euroamerican •
Late Woodland •
Early Woodland
Investigation Types
Archaeological Overview •
Historic Background Research •
Data Recovery / Excavation •
Systematic Survey •
Reconnaissance / Survey •
Consultation •
Site Stabilization •
Site Evaluation / Testing •
Research Design / Data Recovery Plan •
Environment Research
Material Types
Ceramic •
Metal •
Glass •
Shell •
Chipped Stone •
Fauna •
Building Materials •
Ground Stone •
Human Remains •
Wood
Temporal Keywords
19th Century •
19th & 20th Centuries •
Late Archaic •
Prehistoric •
19-20th Centuries •
18th Century •
Historic Period •
Mission Period •
Early 19th Century •
1940
Geographic Keywords
US (ISO Country Code) •
United States of America (Country) •
Georgia (State / Territory) •
McIntosh County (County) •
North America (Continent) •
Sapelo Island •
Georgia •
Georgia Coast
Resources Inside This Collection (Viewing 1-100 of 156)
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The Ancenstral Saltwater Geechee Lands on Sapelo Island, Georgia (2010)
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The History of African American Culture on Sapelo Island Correspondence and News articles
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Archaeological Investigations at the Sapelo Lighthouse and Oilhouse (1997)
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Archaeological investigations were undertaken at the Sapelo Island Lighthouse and its adjacent Oil House on December 14 and 15, 1996 (Figures 1 & 2). The limited goal of this investigation was to recover data from the interior of these two structures related to their form, function, and use in order to provide information useful for their accurate restoration and interpretation. This report provides a brief historic background for the lighthouse, details the excavation methods, summarizes...
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Archaeological Investigations at the Sapelo Lighthouse and Oilhouse (1997)
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Archaeological investigations were undertaken at the Sapelo Island Lighthouse and its adjacent Oil House on December 14 and 15, 1996 (Figures 1 & 2). The limited goal of this investigation was to recover data from the interior of these two structures related to their form, function, and use in order to provide information useful for their accurate restoration and interpretation. This report provides a brief historic background for the lighthouse, details the excavation methods, summarizes the...
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Archaeological Investigations at the Sapelo Lighthouse Interpretive Trail (2004)
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Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites Division plans to enhance an existing trail through the lighthouse complexes at the southern tip of Sapelo Island by replacing existing signage and adding additional interpretive signs. There are two lighthouse complexes on a small area of high ground off the south end of Sapelo. The older brick lighthouse was constructed in 1820. The 1820 facility grew to include a keeper's house, cistern, and oil house. The beacon was removed and the lighthouse was...
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Archaeological Investigations at the Sapelo Lighthouse, Sapelo Island, Georgia (1997)
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On 19 March 1997 lewis Larson and Dave Davis conducted archaeological investigations and the monitoring of trenching activities at the basal periphery of the Sapelo ls.land Lighthouse to determine the presence of archaeological resources and to determine the nature of the architectural foundation structure. Also present were Mr. David Freedman, Chief of Maintenance and Construction Section, Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites Division, Mr. Ronnie Rogers, Archaeologist, ...
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Archaeological Investigations of a Mission Period Shell Midden 9MC23, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2009)
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The arrival of Spanish missionaries on the Georgia and Florida coasts in the mid-16th century began what is known as the Mission period (1568-1684), a time of sustained interaction between the Spanish and many coastal Indian polities. At the time of Spanish contact, much of the central and northern Georgia coast was occupied by Muskogean-speaking people known as the Guale (Worth 2004a). Sapelo Island, one of the Georgia "barrier" islands, is the site of at least one Spanish mission, the...
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Archaeological Investigations of a Mission Period Shell Midden 9MC23, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2009)
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In 2004, University of Kentucky archaeologists started a new research project designed to assess the nature, intensity, and extent of Mission period activity in and around Shell Ring II in the northern portion of the Sapelo Shell Ring complex (9Mc23) (Jefferies and Thompson 2005) (Figure 3). We have employed a diversified data recovery strategy incorporating geophysical survey, shovel probing, soil auguring, metal detector survey, and test unit excavation (Jefferies and Moore 2009).
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Archaeological Survey and Testing at High Point Plantation (9MC66), Sapelo Island, Georgia (2008)
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High Point Plantation (9MC66), located on the north end of Sapelo Island (Figure 1), has a complex and intriguing history. This site also possesses a certain element of archaeo¬logical ambiguity concerning its nature, and even its location. A primary purpose of the survey and testing program carried out at High Point by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga during the summer of 2007 was to substantially reduce, if not eliminate, many of these uncertainties. As summarized below, this goal...
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Archaeological Survey and Testing at High Point Plantation (9MC66), Sapelo Island, Georgia (2008)
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High Point Plantation (9MC66), located on the north end of Sapelo Island (Figure 1), has a complex and intriguing history. This site also possesses a certain element of archaeo¬logical ambiguity concerning its nature, and even its location. A primary purpose of the survey and testing program carried out at High Point by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga during the summer of 2007 was to substantially reduce, if not eliminate, many of these uncertainties. As summarized below, this goal...
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Archaeological Survey at South End, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2008)
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This report summarizes the results of an archaeological survey on Sapelo Island, Georgia by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Archaeological Field School. Under the direction of the author, a modified systematic survey was undertaken in an area believed to contain archaeological remains associated with antebellum slave cabins. The suspected cabins, about 275 to 300m north and northeast of the Reynolds Mansion/Spalding Big House were first noted by Dr. Ray Crook, and he provided the UTC...
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Archaeological Survey at the South End Site, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2008)
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This report summarizes the results of an archaeological survey on Sapelo Island, Georgia by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Archaeological Field School. Under the direction of the author, a modified systematic survey was undertaken in an area believed to contain archaeological remains associated with antebellum slave cabins. The suspected cabins, about 275 to 300m north and northeast of the Reynolds Mansion/Spalding Big House were first noted by Dr. Ray Crook, and he provided the UTC...
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Archaeological Testing at the Lighthouse Site, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2011)
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As part of the 2011 Weekend For Wildlife program sponsored by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR), two days of archaeological testing were carried out at the Sapelo Island Lighthouse Site on Sapelo Island, in McIntosh County, Georgia. This project was a combined effort on the part of 12 Weekend for Wildlife volunteers and 11 archaeologists associated with DNR, the University of West Florida, the University of West Georgia, and the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. The goal of...
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Archaeology at Spalding's South End Plantation, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2010)
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Information and Logistics for Weekend 4 Wildlife 2010
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Archaeology at Spalding's South End Plantation, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2010)
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Information, Correspondence, and Logistics for Weekend 4 Wildlife 2010
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Architecture, Settlement Structure, and Labor Relations At Three Antebellum Plantations On Sapelo Island, Georgia (2009)
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Research at three antebellum plantations on Sapelo Island, Georgia indicates a wide variety in Geechee settlement forms, construction techniques and materials, and architectural artifacts associated with structures. Based on documentary and archaeological data, two contrasting forms of settlement patterning are described that correlate with distinct labor relations at individual plantations. Significant slave cabin construction changes over a 60 year period are presented that resulted from...
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Architecture, Settlement Structure, and Labor Relations At Three Antebellum Plantations On Sapelo Island, Georgia (2009)
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Research at three antebellum plantations on Sapelo Island, Georgia indicates a wide variety in Geechee settlement forms, construction techniques and materials, and architectural artifacts associated with structures. Based on documentary and archaeological data, two contrasting forms of settlement patterning are described that correlate with distinct labor relations at individual plantations. Significant slave cabin construction changes over a 60 year period are presented that resulted from...
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ARTICULATING ACTIVITY AREAS AND FORMATION PROCESSES AT THE SAPELO ISLAND SHELL RING COMPLEX (2007)
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This paper examines the formation and changing use of circular shell-bearing sites (i.e., s.hell rings) in the southeastern United States to provide information on the role of circular village organization and monument construction among hunter-gatherer groups.
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Bilali-The Old Man of Sapelo Island Between Africa and Georgia (2007)
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Bilali (also spelled Bi-la-li, Belali, Bu Allall, Bu Ali, Bui-Aii, Ben-Ali, and Ben Alley) ts the best known <md most highly regarded of the some five hur dred sta:es owned by Thomas Spalding of Sapelo Island, Georgia, dunng the runeteenth century. His influence was extrao rdinary and his legacy enduring. Bilali retains the long-held distinction of being "The Old Man" to his descendants ru1d others in the Gullai1-Geechee com munities of Sapelo Island. Cornelia Bailey (2000, 133) of...
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Community-Based Mortuary Archaeology On Sapelo Island, Georgia (2011)
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“We can’t swing a shovel without waking someone up.” This quote from a Geechee resident of Sapelo Island, Georgia expresses her distress about an ongoing problem at Sapelo’s Behavior Cemetery: the presence of unmarked graves and disturbances to them from recently dug graves. It also provided the impetus for a community driven program of mortuary archaeological research focusing on (1) discovering the spatial and temporal parameters of a 19th century slave site within the Cemetery parcel; (2)...
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Electrical Imaging at the Sapelo Island Shell Ring
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The electrical resistivity pseudosection provides information about variation in soil moisture content and texture at multiple depths along a vertical axis through the ground. A series of pseudosections were collected on Ring 3 at the Sapelo Island Shell Ring site. These show both horizontal and vertical changes in the ring composition. Two-dimensional inversion of these pseudosections suggests that Ring 3 is made up of discrete concentrations of shell rather than layered shell ani soil.
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EVALUATING MOBILITY, MONUMENTALITY, AND FEASTING AT THE SAPELO ISLAND SHELL RING COMPLEX (2008)
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Two of the most salient anthropological questions regarding Southeastern shell ring sites are related to the season(s) that they were occupied and whether or not the deposits represent monumental constructions and/or feasting remains. This paper addresses these questions through the analysis growth band of clams (Mercenaria spp.) and stable oxygen isotope ratios of clam and oyster shells (Crassostrea virginica) at the Sapelo Island Shell Ring complex located on the Georgia coast, USA. The...
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Evaluating Mobility, Monumentality, and Feasting at the Sapelo Island Shell Ring Complex (2011)
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Two of the most salient anthropological questions regarding southeastern shell ring sites are related to the season(s) that they were occupied and whether or not the deposits represent monumental constructions and/or feasting remains. This paper addresses these questions through the analysis of growth band of clams (Mercenaria spp.) (N = 620) and stable oxygen isotope ratios of clam and oyster shells (Crassostrea virginica) (N = 58) at the Sapelo Island Shell Ring complex located on the Georgia...
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Exploring Slave Settlements on Sapelo Island (2010)
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Newspaper Article in the Effingham Herald
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Exploring the Historic Components of the Bourbon Field Site (9MC71), Sapelo Island, Georgia (2010)
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Excavation Proposal for Thesis Research
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FY 2008 Forestry Management Proposal for Sapelo Island, Georgia (2007)
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Proposal and Correspondence for FY 2008
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GPR Survey at Behavior Cemetary, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2010)
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“We can’t swing a shovel without waking someone up.” This statement, made by a Gullah-Geechee resident of the Hog Hammock community on Sapelo Island, Georgia, is important for two reasons. First, it speaks to an increasingly common problem occurring at the Island’s Behavior Cemetery: the presence of unmarked graves and disturbances to them from attempts to dig new graves. Second, it provided the impetus for a community-driven program of mortuary archaeological research at Behavior by the...
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A Guide to the Archaeology of Sapelo Island, GA (1991)
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Introduction Chapter
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Gullah-Geechee Archaeology: The Living Space of Enslaved Geechee on Sapelo Island (2008)
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African American archaeology has, for 40 years now, contributed an impressive amount of new information about undocumented conditions and the day-to-day lives of chattel slaves. That same archaeological record provides a better understanding of the processes involved in the creation and maintenance of creole cultures spawned by the African diaspora.This report is concerned with archaeological information about the creation and use of space at 19th century slave settlements on Sapelo Island,...
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In Search of Mission San Joseph de Sapala: Mission Period Archaeological Research on Sapelo Island, Georgia 2003-2007 (2009)
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In 2003, University of Kentucky archaeologists initiated field investigations just north of the famous Sapelo Shell Ring Complex (Site 9Mc23). The purpose of the excavations was to investigate the site’s Late Archaic component; however, test units and shovel probes placed north of Shell Ring II yielded several items of European origin, including several majolica and olive jar fragments and part of a small brass bell. Associated with these European artifacts were hundreds of Native American...
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In Search of Mission San Joseph de Sapala: Mission Period Archaeological Research on Sapelo Island, Georgia 2003-2007 (2009)
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In 2003, University of Kentucky archaeologists initiated field investigations just north of the famous Sapelo Shell Ring Complex (Site 9Mc23). The purpose of the excavations was to investigate the site’s Late Archaic component; however, test units and shovel probes placed north of Shell Ring II yielded several items of European origin, including several majolica and olive jar fragments and part of a small brass bell. Associated with these European artifacts were hundreds of Native American...
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Mortuary Research at Behavior Cemetery (9MC498), Sapelo Island, Georgia (2010)
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“We can’t swing a shovel without waking someone up.” This statement, made by a Gullah-Geechee resident of the Hog Hammock community on Sapelo Island, Georgia, is important for two reasons. First, it speaks to an increasingly common problem occurring at the Island’s Behavior Cemetery: the presence of unmarked graves and disturbances to them from attempts to dig new graves. Second, it provided the impetus for a community-driven program of mortuary archaeological research at Behavior by the...
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Newspaper Articles - Geologic and Archaeological Evidence for Climate Change
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General references concerning how climate change has effected sea levels, coasts, and marine life.
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Permit for Sapelo Island Bourbon Field Excavations 2008 (2008)
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Extended permit for 2007/2008 archaeological fieldwork at Bourbon Field
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Phase I Survey for Installation of Drain Field at African Baptist Church on Sapelo Island, Georgia (2000)
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Survey Report
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Phase I Survey for Installation of Drain Field at African Baptist Church on Sapelo Island, Georgia (2000)
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Site Visit and Survey Report
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Pieces of Chocolate: Site Structure and Function at Chocolate Plantation (9MC96), Sapelo Island, Georgia (2007)
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The origin of Chocolate Plantation (9MC96) as a historic and as an archaeological entity involves a complex narrative. Located on the west side of Sapelo Island, directly adjacent to the Mud River (Figures 1 and 2), Chocolate is situated in an area that proved to be suitable for both prehistoric and historic habitation, a claim that will become abundantly clear in this report. In fact, although this site possesses numerous substantial tabby ruins, it was first defined in the Georgia State Site...
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Pieces of Chocolate: Site Structure and Function at Chocolate Plantation (9MC96), Sapelo Island, Georgia (2007)
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The origin of Chocolate Plantation (9MC96) as a historic and as an archaeological entity involves a complex narrative. Located on the west side of Sapelo Island, directly adjacent to the Mud River (Figures 1 and 2), Chocolate is situated in an area that proved to be suitable for both prehistoric and historic habitation, a claim that will become abundantly clear in this report. In fact, although this site possesses numerous substantial tabby ruins, it was first defined in the Georgia State Site...
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A Place known as Chocolate (2007)
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REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS Antonio J. Waring, Jr. Archaeological Laboratory University of West Georgia, Carrollton
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Possible Disturbance of Archaeological Sites on Sapelo Island (1994)
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Corresspondence
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Postbellum Sapelo Island - The Journal of Archibald C. McKinley (2011)
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Chapter Section
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Preliminary Search for Orleans Cemetery, Sapelo Island (2009)
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Preliminary onsite reconnaissance of the suspected Orleans Cemetery location on the south end of Sapelo Island. GA. Correspondence and Report
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Preliminary Search for Orleans Cemetery, Sapelo Island, GA (2009)
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Preliminary onsite reconnaissance of the suspected Orleans Cemetery location on the south end of Sapelo Island. GA.
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Proposal for Conducting an Archaeological Survey at Chocolate Plantation, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2006)
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Chocolate Plantation on Sapelo Island has been the subject of several archaeological studies, beginning with a 1974 archaeological field school directed by West Georgia College's Dr. Lewis Larson (Juengst 1980), and most recently in the form of a remote sensing exercise by the University of Mississippi (Simmons 2004). An accurate site map ofthe plantation and detailed drawings oftabby structures, including the location oftwenty structures and substructures along with tree lines, site elevation...
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Protection of the Shell Ring Archaeological Site on the North End of Sapelo Island (1991)
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Correspondence about increased visitation to the Shell Ring site
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QUESTIONING COMPLEXITY: THE PREHISTORIC HUNTER-GATHERERS OF SAPELO ISLAND, GEORGIA (2006)
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In this dissertation, I examine trajectories of cultural evolution among complex hunter-gatherers and middle range societies. Broadly, I consider the theoretical issues related to these two areas of study and how we should conceptualize the study of sociocultural evolution in societies organized at this scale. I apply these ideas to the study of the prehistoric hunter-gatherers who occupied Sapelo Island, Georgia, U. S. A. Specifically, I examine the Archaic period (4200 – 3000 B. P.)...
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Recovery of a WW II aircraft on Sapelo (1989)
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Site Visit for Documentation of exposed WW II aircraft
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Research at Behavior Cemetery, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2010)
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In May of 2010 the University ofTennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) carried out archaeological research at Behavior Cemetery on Sapelo Island, Georgia. Under the direction of Dr. Nicholas Honerkamp and assisted by Dr. Ray Crook (Professor Emeritus, University of West Georgia), students enrolled in the UTC Archaeological Field Methods course participated in a program of archaeological survey and reconnaissance at the c. five-acre Cemetery. Based on a request from Gullah-Geechee residents of the Hog...
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Review of Sapelo Island Management Plan (1975)
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Management Plan Review Correspondence
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THE SAPELO SHELL RING COMPLEX: SHALLOW GEOPHYSICS ON A GEORGIA SEA ISLAND (2004)
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The Sapelo Shell Ring complex, located on Sapelo Island, Georgia, consists of three large circular shell mounds and numerous smaller amorphous shell middens. Today, one of the rings is highly visible; however, the two other rings and the nonring middens have little surface relief and are virtually invisible. In fact, the location and very existence of the two other rings has been debated for some time. Recent geophysical survey, however, has located the subsurface remains of the two...
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THE SAPELO COMPANY: FIVE FRENCHMEN ON THE GEORGIA COAST, 1789-1794 (1989)
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The Proceedings and Papers of the Georgia Association of Historians, an annual publication, is a benefit of membership in the GAH.
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Sapelo Island - An Opportunity and Challenge (1975)
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The chapters that follow will describe Sapelo Island, its location, ownership, and resources. Its history, past and present as well as speculation concerning its future, will be examined. The benefits that will result from the acquisition, the source of funds for achieving it, and the effect of Sapelo's purchase on other programs and projects will be addressed.
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Sapelo Island - Archaeological Projects (2011)
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Power Point Presentation (4 Pages) presenting bullet points for Shell Ring, Lighthouse, Behavior Cemetery, and Spanish Mission
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Sapelo Island - Thomas Spalding (2011)
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Book Chapter with Information on Dumoussary (Grave)
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Sapelo Island - Visitor Pamphlet
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Visitor Pamphlet
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Sapelo Island during the Spanish Colonial Era (2011)
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Archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence reveals that at the dawn of the Spanish colonial era in the 16th century, Sapelo Island was home to hundreds of indigenous Guale Indians. When Sapelo was visited in 1687, only burned remnants of a ruined Spanish mission and fort were noted by English travelers. The intervening decades had witnessed Spanish missionaries and soldiers, Guale refugees, English pirates, and immigrant Yamasee Indians. By the 18th century, Sapelo was totally depopulated,...
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Sapelo Island Maps
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Various Maps
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Sapelo Island State Park: Design Options for Bank Stabilization (2008)
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Design Narrative for Stream Bank Stabilization Project, Construction Documents
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Sapelo Island. Evaluations and Proposed Renovations for Mansion, Lighthouse, and Post Office (1992)
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Assessment of Condition and Renovation Recommendations Various Correspondence
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Sapelo Island: "Weekend for Wildlife" Survey and Testing at Chocolate Plantation, 9MC96, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2007)
DOCUMENT Full-Text Uploaded by: Rachel Black
This report documents archaeological survey and testing carried out at and near Chocolate Plantation (9MC96) on February 9-10, 2007 by Norma Harris of the University of West Florida, Jennifer Bedell of the Georgia DNR Historic Preservation Division, and Nick Honerkamp ofthe University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC). These activities were part of the annual Weekend for Wildlife (WFW) program sponsored by DNR. State Archaeologist David Crass arranged the WFW Chocolate component for a dozen...
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Sapelo Island: 9MC66 Site Form (1979)
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Archaeological Site Form Survey Report
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Sapelo Island: A Place Known As Chocolate (2007)
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REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS Antonio J. Waring, Jr. Archaeological Laboratory University of West Georgia, Carrollton
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Sapelo Island: A Preliminary Report (1975)
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During the field seasons 1974 and 1975, the Department df Anthro pology, West Georgia College, conducted archaeological investigations on Sa elo Island under the direction of Lewis H. Larson, Jr. This paper is intended as a preliminary report on the objectives and results of investigations thus far.
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Sapelo Island: A Proposal for Conducting and Archaeological Survey at Chocolate Plantation, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2006)
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Field Work Proposal 2006
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Sapelo Island: A Proposal for Conducting and Archaeological Survey at High Point Plantation, Sapelo Island, Georgia (2007)
DOCUMENT Full-Text Uploaded by: Rachel Black
High Point presents and intriguing archaeological challenge. Although it is documented as a location for one of the earliest historic occupations on the Island, only the (presumably) postbellum features have been recorded there. In an effort to obtain a clearer picture of the entire history of the site, the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) proposes to conduct a modified systematic survey at High Point of screened half-meter...
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Sapelo Island: Archaeological and Historical Evidence for Social Upheaval among Native Americans and African Americans on the Georgia Coast (2007)
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2007 Fieldwork Proposal for Excavations at Bourbon Field
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Sapelo Island: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS ON PUMPKIN HAMMOCK (9MC350) MCINTOSH COUNTY, GEORGIA (2010)
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The coastal zone of Georgia is comprised of barrier islands, back barriers (hammocks or marsh islands) portions of the mainland coast, salt marsh-lagoon systems, tidal creeks, brackish water marshes, river channels, and maritime forest communities (Elliott and Sassaman 1995:7) (Figure 1). Native Americans inhabited the Georgia coastal zone for over 4500 years and they experienced changes in sea level and their concomitant effect on resource distribution. For over a century (e.g., Moore...
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Sapelo Island: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS ON PUMPKIN HAMMOCK (9MC350) MCINTOSH COUNTY, GEORGIA (2010)
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The coastal zone of Georgia is comprised of barrier islands, back barriers (hammocks or marsh islands) portions of the mainland coast, salt marsh-lagoon systems, tidal creeks, brackish water marshes, river channels, and maritime forest communities (Elliott and Sassaman 1995:7) (Figure 1). Native Americans inhabited the Georgia coastal zone for over 4500 years and they experienced changes in sea level and their concomitant effect on resource distribution. For over a century (e.g., Moore 1897),...
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Sapelo Island: Archaeological Indications of Community Structures at the Kenan Field Site (1980)
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Aboriginal community structures are documented along the Atlan tic coast of southeastern North America in 16th and 17th century narra tives (e.g. Garcia 1902; Andrews and Andrews 1945). Community life and its organization for the Guale of the Georgia coast included periodic as semblies in council houses which were circular in shape and usually quite large. Individual apartments or cabins were elevated above the floor, lining the walls along the interior of these buildings, and in...
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Sapelo Island: Archaeological Survey of Proposed Nature Trail across the Southern Portion of the Sapelo Natural Estuarine Reserve Sanctuary (1991)
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Survey Report
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Sapelo Island: Archaeological Testing at High Point Plantation (2008)
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Final Report
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Sapelo Island: Assorted Photographs at Spalding and Long Tabby Sites
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Various Pictures
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Sapelo Island: Bank Stabilization (2010)
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Correspondence
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Sapelo Island: Bank Stabilization (2010)
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Site Visit - Correspondence
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Sapelo Island: Behavior Cemetery NR Nomination (1996)
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National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
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Sapelo Island: Behaviour Cemetery 2010 Forms (2010)
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Template Forms 2010
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Sapelo Island: Behaviour Cemetery Grave- and Gravestone related Data (2010)
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Behavior Cemetery 2010 Analysis Files
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Sapelo Island: Bourbon Field Work Update 2007 (2007)
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E-Mail Correspondence
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Sapelo Island: Chimney Stabilization at Chocolate Plantation (2007)
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Correspondence regarding damage caused through Chimney Stabilization
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Sapelo Island: Chocolate Plantation - 2006 Field School Notes (2006)
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Field Notes 2006
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Sapelo Island: Chocolate Plantation - Artifact Analyses Sheets (2006)
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Field Work 2006 Artifact Data Sheets
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Sapelo Island: Chocolate Plantation Maps and Profiles (2006)
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Various maps displaying Chocolate Plantation Location and Excavation Profiles
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Sapelo Island: Chronological Position of Shell Rings - Proposed Research for Summer 2006 (2006)
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Proposed Research for Testing Project of Sapelo Island Shell Project
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Sapelo Island: Comprehensive Management Plan (1989)
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Correspondence
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Sapelo Island: Contract to build Lighthouse from 1813 (1813)
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Signed Contract Agreement
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Sapelo Island: Coupled Pre-Columbian Human-Environment Systems on the Georgia Coast (2006)
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2007 Field Proposal Environmental influences on the pre-contact inhabitants of Sapelo Island
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Sapelo Island: Display of Dumoussary Grave Marker at Visitors Center (2007)
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Correspondence and Images regarding Vault Cover
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Sapelo Island: Display of Dumoussary Grave Marker at Visitors Center (2007)
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Correspondence and Images regarding Vault Cover
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Sapelo Island: Early Hunter-Gatherer Pottery along the Atlantic Coast of the Southeastern United States: A Ceramic Compositional Study (2008)
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Excavations at the Sapelo Island Shell Ring complex in Georgia produced a voluminous assemblage of St Simons pottery and a small amount of pottery that appears to be of the Thorn's Creek type. Known mainly from South Carolina, Thorn's Creek ceramics have not been found this far south along the Georgia Coast (Williams and Thompson 1999:125-126). In this study, we investigate whether the ceramics found at Sapelo are more closely related to South ...
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Sapelo Island: Evolving Community Organization on the Georgia Coast (1984)
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Community settlement-pattern analysis, focusing upon the spatial structure of material remains represented at a single archaeological site, provides a firm basis for re constructing a wide range of synchronic. and diachronic cultural phenomena. The potential of the approach for sociocultural explanation of the archaeological record is well documented. 1 The purpose of this paper is to present information concerning changes in the gross configura tion of community settlement patterns at Bourbon...
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Sapelo Island: Field Proposal '08 - The Historical Archaeology of Back Barrier Islands (2008)
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Archaeological Project Proposal
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Sapelo Island: Filling of Long Tabby Swimming Pool (1989)
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Clearing Notice
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Sapelo Island: From the Ground Up: A Preservation Plan for Georgia 2001-2006 (2001)
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Georgia State Preservation Proposal/Plan
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Sapelo Island: GPS Mapping for Location Confirmation of Bessie Garner Property (2005)
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Survey Report and Correspondence Maps and Notes
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Sapelo Island: GPS Mapping for Location Confirmation of Bessie Garner Property (2005)
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Maps, Notes, and Email Correspondence
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Sapelo Island: Gullah Geechee Archaeology (2008)
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The Living Space of Enslaved Geechee on Sapelo Island
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Sapelo Island: High Point Excavation 2007 - Artifact Data (2007)
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Artifact Data Sheets from the 2007 Field School
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Sapelo Island: High Point Field Forms 2007 (2007)
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Various Forms - Field School 2007
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Sapelo Island: Lighthouse Artifact Data (2011)
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Data Tables for Artifacts recovered from W4W 2011 Excavation
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Sapelo Island: Lighthouse Excavation - 2011 Fieldnotes (2011)
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Fieldnotes from the 2011 Weekend for Wildlife Excavation
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Sapelo Island: Lighthouse Gallery Pamphlet
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Misc. Photos