PaleoResearch Institute

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa K. Logan. Linda Scott Cummings.

Three tubular stone pipe stem fragments from the Madeira I site (28BU740) near Moorestown in Burlington County, New Jersey were submitted for organic residue analysis. Samples were tested for organic residues using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Organic residue analysis provides information concerning the compounds that were extracted from the samples. Information concerning materials that might have been smoked using these pipes is derived from matches with our reference...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

A projectile point recovered during monitoring and removal of a shell mound in St. Petersburg, Florida (Bayshore Homes 8PI41) exhibited residue in the hafting area. Radiocarbon dates that bracket occupation are reported as AD 200-400 and AD 1000-1200. Identification of the organic residue present in the hafting area was undertaken using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR).

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Melissa K. Logan.

Fill from two thermal features at sites SRI-3 and SRI-6 near Willits, California was submitted for organic residue analysis. Samples were tested for organic residues using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR analysis provides information concerning the compounds that were extracted from the fill samples. Information concerning foods that might have been processed in association with thermal features at these sites is derived from matches with our reference library of raw and...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Melissa K. Logan.

Seven ceramic sherds from an isolated pot drop in the Guadalupe Mountains, Eddy County, New Mexico, were submitted for organic residue analysis. The sherds were tested as a group, rather than individually, for organic residues using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR analysis will be used to provide information on the materials stored in the vessel, and to infer its possible use and function. It is hoped these analyses will shed light on the prehistoric use of ceramics in...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

In Minnesota, understanding ceramic periods of prehistory and their attendant subsistence practices is of critical importance. Our previous study (Scott Cummings 2017) indicates that problems with radiocarbon dates on ceramics are not unique to this period. Instead, the entire prehistoric record is affected. The natural Minnesota landscape contributes dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC), confounding efforts to create a clean radiocarbon record. When graphing all dates from...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Peter Kováčik. Linda Scott Cummings.

Sites 48YE304 and 48YE380 lie in a wetland near the outlet of Yellowstone Lake and beginning of Yellowstone River in Teton County, Wyoming. One sediment, one charcoal, and one FCR sample from each site were submitted for macrofloral, charcoal, and organic residue (FTIR) analysis, respectively. In addition, one AMS radiocarbon date was requested for the charcoal sample from Site 48YE304.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Eight ceramic sherds were recovered from three archaeological sites that included Turner Farm (29.9), Eddington Bend (74-8), and Hirundo (73-9). Five sherds from Turner Farm contained sufficient charred food crust for AMS radiocarbon dating. Of these, four qualified for financial support from an NSF grant (No. 1659988) to examine use of different chemical pre-treatment on charred food crust. In addition, all eight ceramic samples were examined for their chemical signatures using Fourier...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Jennifer L.B. Milligan. Linda Scott Cummings.

Sentinel Bluff Rockshelter is situated along the western edge of Turtle Creek in Tehama County, California. On an interior wall of the rockshelter are two negative hand pictographs created with a maroon-colored pigment that appears to have been “sprayed” around the hands. A small sample of the pigment was collected for elemental composition (pXRF) and organic residue (FTIR) analysis to determine whether the paint was made using organic compounds, mineral compounds, or a combination of the two....

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

The Jayroe Site (41HM51) is a late Prehistoric small campsite situated in Hamilton County, Texas. The site lies at the northeast margins of the Balconian biotic province, near its boundary with the Texan and Kansan biotic provinces, on the edge of a terrace overlooking the Leon River. The site features two hearths/pits, two bone concentrations, and two mixed burned rock and artifact concentrations with extensive lithic and faunal assemblage, and sherds from ceramic vessels. Fourteen Late...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa K. Logan. Chad Yost.

Samples from sites EfOo 134, EfOo 160, EjOp 6, FaOq 124, and FaOq 125, discovered during reconnaissance for the Keystone XL Pipeline Project in southeastern Alberta, Canada, were submitted for organic and protein residue analyses. Organic residue analysis was performed on a long bone fragment, fill samples from four hearths and a pit feature, and associated soil control samples using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). A biface tip fragment and a Besant dart were examined for protein...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa K. Logan. Chad Yost.

Samples were submitted for analysis from two sites located on the upland prairie grasslands of Alberta, Canada north of the Red Deer River. A lithic projectile point from site EfOo160 was tested for protein residues and organic residue analysis was performed on a firebroken rock and a sediment control sample from site EgOo 9. These analyses are used to detect any animal and plant residues that may be present on the surfaces of these artifacts.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa K. Logan. Linda Scott Cummings. R.A. Varney.

Cork, wood, and glass samples recovered from two barrels and two incomplete bottles at the Prince of Wales Fort National Historic Site in northern Manitoba, Canada, were submitted for organic residue analysis. Samples were tested for organic residues using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Organic residue analysis is used to provide information regarding the contents of the barrels and two glass bottles. A piece of birch bark bearing a dark red stain from a birch bark...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa K. Logan. Linda Scott Cummings. R. A. Varney.

Cork, wood, and glass samples recovered from two barrels and two incomplete bottles at the Prince of Wales Fort National Historic Site in northern Manitoba, Canada, were submitted for organic residue analysis. Samples were tested for organic residues using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Organic residue analysis is used to provide information regarding the contents of the barrels and two glass bottles. A piece of birch bark bearing a dark red stain from a birch bark container was...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Melissa K. Logan. Jammi L. Ladwig.

Twenty precontact ceramic sherds from the Durst Site (36SO388) in southwestern Pennsylvania were submitted for organic residue analysis (Table 1). Samples were tested using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Of these twenty ceramic sherds, ten were also examined for starch grains as a result of promising evidence of food residues from FTIR analysis. FTIR analysis provides information concerning the compounds that were extracted from the sherd. Information concerning foods that might...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

A cast iron cooking pot was retrieved from 660T22 during GHMPR SGang Gwaay Storm Damage mitigation in Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve. Basal sediment was submitted for starch and organic residue analysis, the latter using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectropscopy (FTIR) to search for evidence of this pot’s use.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Melissa K. Logan.

A ceramic sherd and sediment sample associated with the historic period from southern Arizona were submitted for organic residue and visual/microscopic analyses, respectively. The ceramic sherd was tested for organic residues using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Organic residue analysis will be used to determine the materials that have been contained in the vessel represented by the ceramic sherd. Visual and microscopic analysis will be used to identify white linear objects...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Site 41VV112 (Cave 1) is located downstream of the Pecos River in Val Verde County, Texas. Cave 1 is part of the Shumla Caves excavation in 1933 by George Martin. A twined basket that dates to 3,700 BP was recovered from the excavation and sent for FTIR analysis to identify pitch that lined the basket.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Carl’s Cave (Site 24LC0242) is located on the east side of Holter Lake near the entrance to the Gates of the Mountain, Lewis and Clark County, Montana. This shallow cave is situated in a limestone outcrop approximately 8 meters above the lake (Dr. Lauri Travis, personal communication, September 3, 2019). Multiple flakes and boiling stones were recovered from the interior of the cave. Two boiling stones were selected for organic residue (FTIR) analysis to determine if the stones retained an...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

The Cassel-Fall River Road Bridge Replacement project along Pit River in Shasta County, California necessitated archaeological mitigation of site CA-SHA-3643-H located on the lower terrace on the east side of Pit River. Five basalt outcrops host seven mortar cups. Latestage obsidian and basalt debitage indicate tool production. A dense concentration of river mussel shells and calcined faunal remains were noted in the midden deposit. A radiocarbon date of 1720 cal. B.P. is reported on a...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

The Brunelli Site, a prehistoric surface scatter of flaked and ground lithics and patches of dark earth containing fire-affected rock, is located on an upper terrace adjacent to Churn Creek in Shasta County, California. Four fire-affected rocks were selected and submitted for organic residue analysis to describe economic activities.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Cody Dalpra.

Curated ceramic pottery sherds from the archaeological site 14RP1, an historic Pawnee site, represent economic activity during the period A.D. 1775, or very slightly earlier, to 1802, when the site was occupied. Excavations during the 1960's by the Kansas State Historical Society produced a large population of sherds that were subsequently curated. Six ceramic sherds were selected from different proveniences for organic residue analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Of...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Melissa K. Logan. Kathryn Puseman.

Twenty-four fill samples from multiple hearth features at site 48SW8319 in the Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area, Sweetwater County, Wyoming, were submitted for organic residue analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). One sample was also selected for charcoal identification and AMS radiocarbon dating. This site represents a multicomponent site, with previous radiocarbon dates ranging from 5660 ± 50 BP (Beta 255896) to 1140 ± 40 BP (Beta 255878).

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa K. Logan. Kathryn Puseman.

Sediment samples from the Alm Shelter (site 48BH3457) in Paint Rock Creek Canyon, northern Wyoming, were examined for organic residues using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). These samples were recovered from hearths in varying levels of the shelter. In addition, uncharred grass stems and two charcoal samples from the shelter weresubmitted for AMS radiocarbon dating.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Kathryn Puseman.

Three charcoal samples from the Alm Shelter, site 48BH3457, in Wyoming were submitted for identification and AMS radiocarbon dating. These samples are expected to range in age from less than 2000 years BP to about 8000 years BP.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Lithic and ceramic artifacts from four sites in the Salt River drainage near Louisiana, Missouri were submitted for organic residue analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

DOCUMENT Full-Text David V. Hill. Linda Scott Cummings.

Site 5MN6506 represents an occupation between 6000 BC and AD 1000, evidenced by the recovery of an Elko corner-notched projectile point from the same stratigraphic level as Feature 6. The site is defined by six features, one of which (Feature 6) was slab-lined and was sampled to recover evidence of economic activity in the form of organic remains that could be identified using an FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer).

DOCUMENT Full-Text Melissa K. Logan.

Four fire affected rocks recovered from collapsed fireplaces at the Senber Site (Town 117, Site 33), a Revolutionary War winter encampment in Redding, western Connecticut, were submitted for organic residue analysis. Samples were tested for organic residues using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Organic residue analysis was used to gain information regarding foods cooked in the fireplaces.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Melissa K. Logan.

A groundstone was recovered from a prehistoric camp, site 48SU6617, in the Green River Basin of southwestern Wyoming (Table 1). The site is a prehistoric open camp consisting of at least one housepit, a large charcoal stain, and a single fire hearth feature. The housepit contained three groundstone stone fragments, one core, numerous pieces of debitage and bone fragments, three interior fire hearth features, and three post holes. One of the groundstone fragments was submitted for organic...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Pollen samples from four sites in the Chuska Valley have been analyzed to determine their pollen content. These sites, LA 12732, LA 12733, LA 12734, and LA 12735, were excavated as a part of a highway salvage project and are all within a 1/2 mile stretch along U. S. 666 north of Sheep Springs, New Mexico. The elevation of the area is 1789 meters (5870 feet) with the Chuska Mountains rising to the west and an extremely arid valley stretching eastward to the Chaco Wash. The vegetation at the sites...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. PaleoResearch Institute.

Pollen and macrofloral analyses were conducted in conjunction with archaeological mitigation at site 5JF339. This site is located along the hogback of the front range near Massey Draw. The pollen analysis focused on the recovery of paleoenvironmental data from two pollen columns; one collected near the creek bank and bone bed, and the other farther up the hill in the area of the archaeologically defined camp. In addition, several pollen samples were collected within features or represent...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Three of the archaeological sites mitigated in connection with the 345kv Intermountain - Mona Line 1 were sampled for pollen. These three sites (42Md620, 42Md827, and 42Md828) are located in the northeastern portion of Millard County in western Utah. Sites 42Md828 and 42Md827 are located in semi-stabilized sand dunes along the eastern edge of the Sevier Desert, approximately .95 km south of the Sevier River. Site 42Md620 is located in the Fishlake National Forest at the western base of the...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J Scott. PaleoResearch Institute.

Site 48CR4ll4 is a shallow multi-component site located to the west of Baggs, Wyoming. The flora in this area is xerophytic and dominated by sagebrush. Two occupational components were identified at the site, based on radiocarbon dates, stratigraphy, and tool types. A radiocarbon age of 4010 ± 160 BP (Beta 11039) was returned for the first component, while ages of 1440 ± 90 BP (Beta 11038) and 1190 ± 60 (Beta 11040) were returned for the second component. Stratigraphic pollen samples were...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott. PaleoResearch Institute.

Pollen samples were taken from site SMF1791 in an effort to both define the local paleoenvironmental conditions, and provide subsistence data. Stratigraphic samples were taken from a playa and rockshelter (5MF606) in Irish Canyon, approximately 30 miles to the northwest as a control for interpreting the paleoenvironment. Better conditions for the preservation of pollen were expected in both the playa sediments and the rockshelter compared to the sediments at 5MFl79l, which was an open...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Curecanti National Recreation Area is located west of Gunnison in central Colorado, along the Gunnison River. Archaeological investigations within the Curecanti National Recreation Area have produced both pollen and macrofloral samples for analysis from several sites over a period of years. These studies have addressed both questions of subsistence and paleoenvironment, based on interpretation of these data. This study concerns itself with the interpretation of data from pollen and...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott. PaleoResearch Institute.

Archaeological and paleoenvironmental research in Douglas Creek, Colorado (Creasman 1981, Scott 1981) has recovered indications that the area has experienced environmental change through time. None of the sites previously sampled, however, provided a long time continuum from which to assess paleoenvironmental change over several thousand years. In order to achieve a better understanding of the paleoenvironment of the area, nineteen stratigraphic pollen samples from essentially acultural...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

The paleoenvironmental record at Lime Creek is composed of both pollen and phytolith data. Examination of the pollen and phytolith record is based on analysis of single pollen and phytolith samples per stratum yielding radiocarbon ages and three additional pollen samples. Sample selection paralleled sample selection for radiocarbon dates and geomorphic samples to maximize interpretability of these records. Samples spaced this far apart, of course, allow only a cursory examination of...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Stratigraphic pollen samples were taken from two faces at site 5ME4828 to assess the paleoenvironment. Approximately four meters of fill is represented by the stratigraphic column. Four separate cultural occupations were contained within the column ranging in age from 3440 BC to 900 to 1100 AD. The site is located in an arroyo and over 8 meters of fill was exposed by downcutting of the arroyo. Only the upper approximately four meters were sampled for this study. Funding for the...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Curecanti National Recreation Area is located west of Gunnison in central Colorado along the Gunnison River. Archaeological investigations within the Curecanti National Recreation Area have produced both pollen and macrofloral samples for analysis from several sites over a period of nearly twenty years. These studies have addressed both questions of subsistence and paleoenvironment, based on interpretation of these data. In addition, paleoenvironmental data were collected via pollen...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Curtis Nepstad-Thornberry. Kathryn Puseman.

Four paleofeces recovered from Compound 1 were examined for pollen, phytoliths, starch, parasites, macrofloral remains, and protein residue. An age of 600-300 BC is assigned to this compound.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

This study concerns itself with the palynological analysis of archaeological pollen recovered in Mancos Canyon, Colorado. There are numerous pollen studies from various parts of the southwest, including several in the Mesa Verde area which are indeed valuable for comparison purposes with the Mancos Canyon (cf. Maher 1963, Martin and Byers 1965, and Schoenwetter 1970). However, there have been no previous pollen studies in the Mancos Canyon proper with which to compare this study. Therefore, it...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

This study concerns itself with the palynological analysis of archaeological pollen recovered in Mancos Canyon, Colorado. There are numerous pollen studies from various parts of the southwest, including several in the Mesa Verde area which are indeed valuable for comparative purposes with the Mancos Canyon (cf. Maher 1963. Martin and Byers 1965. and Schoenwetter 1970). However, there have been no previous pollen studies in the Mancos Canyon proper with which to compare this study. Therefore, it...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Pollen samples were selected from three sites near Angus, New Mexico for analysis in conjunction with archaeological investigations. These sites are located approximately 15 miles north of Ruidoso in the foothills of the Sierra Blanca Mountains at an elevation of approximately 7, 000 feet.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

A rock shelter, site 5ME217 in Mesa County, Colorado was the site of archaeological investigation by the Office of Public and Contract Archaeology. Pollen samples were taken from the occupational levels of the rock shelter in an effort to determine whether or not pollen was preserved in the cultural levels, and to study the paleoenvironment.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Palynological analysis at the DeBeque Rockshelter (SME82) in western Colorado was undertaken in conjunction with archaeological mitigation of the site. The pollen samples were taken from most of the levels identified in the fill from four grid locations within the rockshelter, and are combined to form a composite pollen diagram. The pollen samples were taken from both cultural and sterile levels, but no pollen samples were taken in direct association with cultural features such as hearths. ...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Palynological investigations were undertaken at the Dutch Canal Ruins (NA 19,324) in Phoenix, Arizona to evaluate the paleoenvironment and to gather data concerning agricultural activities at the site. In addition, samples were taken from pitstructure floors and activity areas in an effort to address activities involving plant processing and utilization at the site. Site NA 19,324, the Dutch Canal Ruins, is located approximately 1 mile north of the Salt River in southeastern Phoenix. The...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

During the archaeological inventory of Mesa Verde National Park by the University of Colorado a possible reservoir was designated MV 1936. The physical location of the "reservoir" on Navajo Mesa caused some speculation as to the function of the site, as it did not appear that much water could be collected naturally by the "reservoir", so test excavation was undertaken to clarify the situation.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Test excavations were conducted at two cave sites in Alamo Canyon, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico during the summer of 1977 by the National Park Service. In conjunction with these studies, pollen samples were taken at both sites (LA 13659 and LA 12117) for the purpose of providing paleo-environmental data for the occupational periods at the sites, to identify culturally important elements of the environment, and if possible to identify certain use areas within the sites studied.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Test excavations were conducted by the National Park Service in the Curecanti National Recreation Area in Colorado during the summers of 1978 and 1979. Analysis of 30 pollen samples from six different prehistoric sites was undertaken in conjunction with the test excavations at Curecanti during 1979 to determine the significance of some of the archaeological sites in the area. This data will also be compared with the data generated by the analysis of pollen samples from the 1978 field season. The...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott. PaleoResearch Institute.

Forty-six pollen samples were selected for analysis from the Old Dallas Archaeological Project in connection with prehistoric archaeological investigations. The sites represented include 50R 167, 50R 179, 50R 182, 50R 198, 50R243, and 50R 317, which are located on terraces and benches above the Uncompahgre River north of Ridgeway in Ouray County, Colorado. Stratigraphic profiles were sampled for pollen at four sites to provide paleoenvironmental data. Several features were also sampled for...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott.

Pollen samples were taken in 15 vessels in conjunction with excavations at MVB20 during the summer of 1969. In addition, two pollen samples were also taken from the clay below the floor in room 22, and inside the skull of burial 1B. These pollen samples were analyzed for their pollen content in an effort to determine probable vessel contents. The method of sampling these vessels yielded pollen samples representative of the general trash fill within the site rather than being indicative of any...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott. PaleoResearch Institute.

Twelve pollen samples from site 5PA153, an open camp site located in Park County, Colorado were analyzed for their pollen content. This site is located at an elevation of 3554 meters (11,660 feet) near timberline on a "tree- sheltered bench on the latest (highest) terminal moraine near the head of Mosquito Creek drainage in the Mosquito Range"(Christopher Arthur, personal communication, January 1981) in central Colorado. The subsequent shaping of the moraine has been assumed to be the...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda J. Scott. PaleoResearch Institute.

Thirteen pollen samples associated with features from four archaeological sites were analyzed for pollen in association with archaeological testing along the Amoco Pipeline. The sites are located in Sweetwater and Fremont Counties in southwestern Wyoming, at elevations varying from 6785 to 7500 feet, in a semi-arid environment. The features were tested for their pollen content in an effort to determine whether or not there was evidence at these sites of plant processing.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Very little evidence to reconstruct the paleoenvironment exists for this area of Wyoming. The paleoenvironment may be addressed through several different data bases, including the pollen and phytolith records, which are discussed here. A limited amount of stratigraphic pollen analysis has been completed in this area, from which the paleoenvironment may be interpreted, although no stratigraphic phytolith analysis has been undertaken for this area. Archaeological sites 48FR1468 and 48FR1602,...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Six soil samples collected from three privies from AZ T:12:42(ASM) were examined for parasite eggs. The site is situated on the Phoenix Convention Center grounds.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Kathryn Puseman.

Four parasite samples were recovered from sediment contained within brick shaft features at the Philadelphia MDC Site (36PH91) in downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Parasite analysis was undertaken on sediment from levels that either appeared to contain fecal matter or from deposits that should have contained fecal matter if any were present in the feature. The presence of human parasites assists in identifying the function of these features, as well as provides some information concerning...

DOCUMENT Full-Text David V. Hill. Linda Scott Cummings.

Four prehistoric ceramic sherds excavated from site 48SU6542 in Sublette County, southwestern Wyoming was examined using petrographic analysis and FTIR. The petrographic analysis will be used to determine if the sherds were produced using locally available materials or were derived from outside the region. FTIR analysis of the ceramics will be used to identify the types of foods prepared in the ceramic vessels.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost.

Representative photos were taken of the various types of starch (if present) from each reference plant sample analyzed. Generally speaking, the images were captured at approximately 400x magnification. Each photo has a scale bar in the lower right corner that is 20 μm (0.02 mm) in length. Each starch grain was photographed using 3 types of light: a) normal white light , b) partially polarized, and c) fully polarized. This lower case letter is used in the photo name, for example: T_testudinum_1c...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Two Early Agricultural period sites in the Tucson basin were sampled for phytolith analysis. The project area is part of a planning project for traffic interchange at the Ruthrauff Road and Interstate 10 interchange within the city of Tucson. 5 sites were examined as part of this project and data recovery investigations involved for of the sites. Sampling for phytolith analysis, was restricted to 2 of the sites. Most of the project is located on the T2, a Holocene terrace, of the Santa Cruz...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost. Kathryn Puseman.

Uncharred plant stem fragments from a shipwreck were submitted for phytolith analysis to determine if this material represents grass, sedge, or other plants that produce phytoliths/biogenic silica. The stem fragments are believed to have been used for packing cargo. A portion of the stem material was submitted for AMS radiocarbon dating to provide temporal information.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. PaleoResearch Institute.

Two samples were selected from features at 26CH1062 in the Stillwater Marsh near Fallon in western Nevada. These samples were analyzed as a pilot study to determine the applicability of further phytolith analysis at this site. The two pits selected for analysis dated between 800 and 1100 BP, and were filled with midden. Phytolith analysis was undertaken to identify midden contents, and to attempt to shed light of season of deposition.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Fifteen phytolith samples from three sites at Camp Pendleton in San Diego County were examined for information concerning local vegetation. No radiocarbon ages or cultural information are available for these sites, so it is not possible to interpret the phytolith record in light of any particular cultural occupations in this area.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Sixteen phytolith samples were selected for analysis from the Asan Residential Phase and Asan Commercial Phase excavations. Sediments from layers were examined from both areas and features were examined from the Asan Commercial Phase excavations. These coastal areas are located at the edge of Asan. Phytolith analysis was undertaken to provide information concerning past vegetation, land use, and use of features.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Six soil samples were submitted from stratigraphic sediments at Site 2033- Tl (Keokea-ahupua'a). This land division is located in upcountry Maui. Sediment samples were collected from stratigraphic sediments alongside a previously excavated unit that yielded bones of eight or nine extinct birds. Analysis of these samples for phytoliths was undertaken to identify vegetation represented in these sediments. The elevation at this site was 2520 feet amsl. Vegetation included primarily grasses...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Phytoliths were examined from stratigraphic samples collected at two sites (CA-SDI-5138 and CA-SD-5139) at Camp Pendleton. The stratigraphic samples were examined for phytoliths to enhance the paleoenvironmental reconstruction in this area.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Phytolith analysis was undertaken at AZN:8:40(ASM) (Groseta Ranch Road (GRR) site) as part of the State Route 89A Cottonwood Testing/Data Recovery Project. This site consists primarily of a Classic Period field house locality. Eleven phytolith samples from a variety of proveniences such as rock piles, field houses, and possible agricultural fields were examined to identify plants that grew or were used in these areas. A detailed record of grasses, including the cultivated Zea mays is...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. PaleoResearch Institute.

Gravel mulched gardens with rock borders were sampled for phytoliths at three prehistoric sites near Mendanales, New Mexico. These gardens have been the subject of considerable study, including archaeological excavations, pollen analysis, and physical/chemical soil studies. This study follows pollen analysis at this site, where maize pollen was recovered in ten of the twenty-seven samples from garden areas and a single hearth. Three archaeological sites (LA 48676, LA 48679, and LA 486870)...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Five phytolith samples were collected for analysis from sediments at the Pensacola Courthouse during archaeological mitigation. These samples represent the modern surface at two locations, as well as subsurface samples from Block 6. Phytolith analysis focused on identification of historic vegetation in Block 6 and comparison of this record with the modern phytolith record.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Two phytolith samples were collected from a portion of the cut/fill sequence in a ring midden at LA 107939. This site, located on Azotea Mesa approximately 10 miles north of Carlsbad, New Mexico, contained two ring middens.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Sanjay Eksambekar.

Six phytolith samples were submitted from stratigraphic deposits at 3SC1777, a site located on a rocky upland slope overlooking the Fourche La Fave River floodplain. This Middle and Late Archaic site yielded projectile points providing date ranges from approximately 6,000- 4,000 years ago. Oxidizable carbon ratio (OCR) dates indicate occupation between 6,050 BP and 3,100 BP.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Three sites in the Quail Ranch Data Recovery Project were selected for phytolith analysis. A total of twelve phytolith samples were examined from hearths, roasting pits, and middens to assess local vegetation and plants that might have been cooked or roasted. These sites range in age from Middle to Late Archaic.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. PaleoResearch Institute.

Phytolith analysis was undertaken at eleven sites in the Stacy/O.H. Ivie Reservoir Project Area. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the feasibility of recovering a sufficient quantity of phytoliths to recommend a paleoenvironmental study from both feature and stratigraphic contexts in the project area. Within the confines of limited number of samples per site, results are presented. Data generated from this phytolith study will also be used elsewhere to compare with the pollen...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Nine stratigraphic phytolith samples were collected from three sites along the LVT Road corridor. The primary goal of this analysis is to assess the vegetation represented in the phytolith record and compare this record to the artifact assemblages, searching for changes in the paleoenvironment that might have impacted human occupants of the San Clemente Islands.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Two sites located in the MCAS Miramar East Miramar Area, CA-SDI-8339A and CA-SDI- 4335A, were sampled stratigraphically for phytoliths. Sediments at these sites were undifferentiated and phytolith samples were collected at 10 cm intervals to a total depth of 40 cm. Phytolith analysis was undertaken to identify possible changes in the local grass communities that might reflect paleoenvironmental changes through time.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

A grinding slab fragment from an Early/Middle Archaic habitation site (13HN318) in southeastern Iowa was submitted for phytolith analysis in an effort to identify whether or not maize was ground using this tool.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

A single piece of groundstone, recovered in Little Antelope Valley in the Long Valley caldera in Mono County, California was examined for phytoliths to obtain information about plants that might have been ground using this tool. Phytolith analysis was selected as perhaps the most likely to yield results because the groundstone had been washed approximately 15 years ago. Therefore, pollen analysis was not deemed to be possible.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

A single sample of ash from a kiln at Tell Leilan was examined for phytoliths. The kiln dates to approximately 2500 B.C. and was filled with over-sintered pottery (stacked wasters). The interior walls of the kiln had begun to melt and most of the pots were warped and crumbly. Phytolith analysis was undertaken to identify the fuel used in this mid-third millennium kiln.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

A second upper left molar of a female mammoth was obtained to wash for phytoliths to determine plants incorporated in this mammoth's diet. The tooth has been curated at the Denver Museum of Natural History, and had been coated with a layer of varnish. The varnish was removed and the tooth washed to obtain a phytolith record trapped in the tartar of this tooth.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

The Spring Canyon Site (CA-SDI-16,397) is located in southern San Diego County adjacent to the United States/Mexico border. Radiocarbon ages ranging from 6030 +/- 40 BP to 2060 +/- 60 BP are returned on either charcoal or bulk sediments from the site. This Archaic temporary camp appears to have been used for lithic production and marine and non-marine resource processing. A single metate and its associated soil control sample were examined for phytoliths and starches in an effort to...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

The dung repository at Mount Vernon apparently was used to mix and age manure to create fertilizer. During archaeological excavations, layers of dark, organic soil were located between and immediately above the floor of this structure. Two phytolith samples were collected from layers within this fill in an attempt to confirm that this soil represents the remnant of a compost operation in the pit.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

The primary purpose in examining an adobe brick from the 1804 Church at Santa Ines Mission was to search for phytolith evidence that a threshing sledge was used. A stone-floored threshing floor was observed at the site (Tremaine 1992). Costello notes (personal communication, February 2001) that the threshing floor might not date to the first year of the mission, which is represented by this brick. Therefore, digestion of a small quantity of adobe brick was undertaken to provide a sample of...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost.

A total of 26 sediment samples from agricultural field contexts were submitted for phytolith analysis from the site of Las Capas (AZ AA:12:111), which is located near Tucson, Arizona. Las Capas is an early agricultural period site that utilized canal irrigation for maize and possibly other cultivated plants. The sediments submitted for phytolith analysis are from Stratum 504, which spans a date range of 950 B.C. to 800 B.C., and places them within the San Pedro Phase Early Agriculture period....

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Paul M. Miller.

Site AZ T:12:206(ASM), formerly AZ T:12:54(ASU), represents agricultural field cells, lateral canals, and an artifact scatter on an alluvial terrace above the north bank of the Salt River in Maricopa County, Arizona. Given its proximity, Site AZ T:12:206 may be an extension of the previously recorded village Site AZ T:12:52(ASM). During Phase II data recovery of the site, WestLand Resources, Inc. revealed prehistoric lateral canals (running more-or-less parallel to the Salt River) in association...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost. Linda Scott Cummings.

Feature and stratigraphic samples from the Granberg Site, 41BX17, located in northeastern San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, were submitted for plant opal phytolith analysis. This is a multi-component site with occupations that encompass a period from about 4000 B.C. to A.D. 1200. The site is located along the Salado Creek on a small knoll with scattered trees, shrubs and grasses {Munoz, 2007 #3848}. Currently, three major vegetation associations converge within the boundaries of Bexar...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost.

A total of 11 feature fill sediment samples were collected from site 11ST547 and submitted for archaeobotanical microfossil analysis through recovery and analysis of plant opal phytoliths. This site is located 3 miles east of the Illinois River, near the town of Alsey, in Scott County, Illinois. Artifacts recovered suggest Middle Archaic to Late Woodland occupations of the site. The goal of this analysis is to provide paleoenvironmental information and plant subsistence data for a better...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost.

Sediment samples from six different features were submitted for plant opal phytolith analysis from the El Dornajo site, located 10 km inland from the southern coast of Ecuador. This site has two distinct upper and lower occupations, and is affiliated with the Jambeli culture. Previous macrofloral analysis by other researchers failed to identify any economical plant remains. The goal of this analysis is to recover evidence of economic plant use from features associated with the upper and...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost.

Sediment samples from two pit features were submitted for phytolith analysis from site 40LD221, located in Loudon County, Tennessee. These are Woodland period features that appear to have been used as storage pits. Phytolith analysis was undertaken to better understand the function of these features and their contents.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Four ceramic sherds recovered from site 47MT71 located along the northeastern shore of Green Bay in Wisconsin were processed to recover phytoliths that might inform concerning the foods cooked in the vessels represented by these sherds. This site was occupied during the Late Woodland (ca. AD 660-860). At the time of contact this area was occupied by the Menominee Indians, also known as the Wild Rice People. Wild rice glumes produce phytoliths that are identifiable, so phytolith analysis was...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost.

Four soil samples were submitted for phytolith analysis from the Weir Farm NHS property, located in Fairfield County, Connecticut. The goal of the analysis was to recover and identify plant opal phytoliths derived from some of the plants that may have been grown within the historic garden area that is currently a terraced lawn west of the Weir House (Area 1).

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost. Kathryn Puseman.

Ten phytolith samples were examined from a Jefferson-era layer in an area believed to be associated with a clump of ornamental trees and bushes planted in 1812 at the northeast corner of the octagonal house located at Poplar Forest plantation in Forest, Virginia. An oval flower bed planted with dwarf roses was established nearby. Four additional phytolith samples were taken from features directly associated with the ornamental tree clump and flower bed. For this study, phytolith analysis was...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Jammi L. Ladwig. Chad Yost.

Three charred maize cobs and two maize cupule fragment samples from various pit contexts were submitted for phytolith analysis from the site of Las Capas (AZ AA:12:111), which is located near Tucson, Arizona (Table 1). Strata associated with Features 504 and 505 at Las Capas have calibrated age ranges of 950-800 BC and 1000-900 BC respectively, placing the site within the San Pedro Phase Early Agriculture period. The main goal of this analysis was to quantify phytolith recovery from charred cob...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost.

Two stratigraphic sediment samples from a prehistoric reservoir feature were submitted for plant opal phytolith analysis from site FB 9122 (LA 30116), located along the east side of the Hueco Mountains, in Doña Ana County, New Mexico. This site is culturally affiliated with the Jornada Mogollon, and has an occupation that spans approximately A.D. 1200 to the early 1400s. Phytolith analysis may provide information concerning local vegetation during the accumulation of sediments within this...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Two pottery sherds recovered from Oranje Boom Cave in Nevada were submitted for residue analysis. Residue consisted of a "burned on" crusty residue that was scraped from the surface of the ceramic sherds. This residue was digested to facilitate finding and identifying phytoliths present that might identify foods cooked in the vessel. Recovery of phytoliths from food residues adhering to ceramic sherds is expected to yield evidence of food processing. Experimental work with food residues...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Three phytolith samples were examined from the Bowmer Site (41BL116) in southern Bell County, Texas. Sediments sampled range in age from Archaic through Late Prehistoric. Phytolith analysis was undertaken to provide information concerning prehistoric vegetation.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Nine phytolith samples were submitted for analysis from Tor al-Tareeq and Thalab al-Buhira, Jordan as part of the Eastern Hasa Late Pleistocene Project (EHLPP). These samples represent Early Upper Paleolithic deposits along an ancient lake at Thalab al-Buhira and Early Epipaleolithic and Neolithic occupations at Tor al-Tareeq. Phytolith analysis was undertaken to inform concerning local vegetation associated with a Pleistocene lake and a series of marshes.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Four samples from Ft. Vancouver National Historic Site, Washington, were submitted for phytolith analysis. This historic site is a nineteenth century fur-trade post located along the Columbia River. Samples were recovered from a compacted surface possibly associated with a well and two stratigraphic units within a possible historic garden area maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company, as well as from the modern surface.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Outside of the city of Lynchburg, Virginia, Thomas Jefferson constructed his Poplar Forest retreat house near the center of his Bedford County plantation in 1806. A large carriage turnaround in front of the north side of the main octagonal portion of the house, as well as the surrounding five acres of grounds, were planted with ornamental landscaping. A circular road lined with trees bounded the property. Archaeological investigations of the turnaround have exposed various features associated...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost.

Six flaked cobble tools from site 45CL435, located in Clark County, Washington, were submitted for phytolith analysis. It is thought that these tools may have been used to process wood, possibly Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana). This is a preliminary investigation to see if phytolith analysis can be used to better understand the function of these tools.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings.

Phytolith analysis was conducted on samples from eight archaeological sites along US Highway 491 in western New Mexico. Analysis was undertaken to provide information concerning both the past environment and subsistence activities at these testing phase sites that varied in age from approximately 4490 BC until AD1670/1950.

DOCUMENT Full-Text Linda Scott Cummings. Sanjay Eksambekar. Jaime Dexter.

Two prehistoric sites at the Rinker Materials Plant 225 in Green Valley, Arizona were surveyed in 1999. Rock piles were identified in both the Rinker Site (AZ EE:1:291), and the Mesquacia Site (AZ EE:1:293). Although rock piles have typically been interpreted as being associated with agricultural activities of the Hohokam, they are now proposed to be agrobiological sites. Their prime function is interpreted to be the enhancement of plant nutrition and growth relative to soil management. Ten...

DOCUMENT Full-Text Chad Yost.

The Bull Creek III site is situated in a short grass prairie biome along side the Bull Creek in the High Plains physiographic region of western Beaver County, Oklahoma. Although the location has not been reported as a cultural site, three sediment samples were submitted for phytolith analysis. The goal of the analysis was to provide greater clarity on the types of grasses on this landscape between 12,550 and 13,210 RCYBP.