Central Arizona Project Regulatory Storage Division

In December 2008, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 16 sites in Lake Regional Park to assess their condition. ACS archaeologists documented the sites and evaluated their current state of preservation. This project contains photo documentation of the assessment work. The site cards were updated, but no report was produced.

In December 2008, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 16 sites in Lake Regional Park to assess their condition. ACS archaeologists documented the sites and evaluated their current state of preservation. The photo log for the project contains detailed information for the select project photos that were curated at the following tDAR URL: http://core.tdar.org/image/393014

In December 2008, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 16 sites in Lake Regional Park to assess their condition. ACS archaeologists documented the sites and evaluated their current state of preservation. This record includes select photos from the assessment work.

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) undertook a field evaluation of eight site clusters (77 sites) around Horseshoe Reservoir, in the Tonto National Forest. The boundaries of the site clusters and the particular sites assessed were designated by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). The goals of the project were to relocate previously recorded sites, replot them using a GPS, evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the existing site documentation and amend as necessary, and...

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) undertook a field evaluation of eight site clusters (77 sites) around Horseshoe Reservoir, in the Tonto National Forest. The boundaries of the site clusters and the particular sites assessed were designated by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). The goals of the project were to relocate previously recorded sites, replot them using a GPS, evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the existing site documentation and amend as necessary, and...

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted an intensive Class III survey of five parcels located around Roosevelt Lake in the Tonto Basin Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. The project was conducted at the request of the Arizona Project Office, Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) to identify and evaluate all cultural properties that might be impacted by planned construction activities in these parcels.

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted an intensive Class III survey of five parcels located around Roosevelt Lake in the Tonto Basin Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. The project was conducted at the request of the Arizona Project Office, Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) to identify and evaluate all cultural properties that might be impacted by planned construction activities in these parcels. This report presents the results of the survey of the Salt River and the Windy Hill...

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted an intensive Class III survey of five parcels located around Roosevelt Lake in the Tonto Basin Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. The project was conducted at the request of the Arizona Project Office, Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) to identify and evaluate all cultural properties that might be impacted by planned construction activities in these parcels. This report presents the results of the survey of the Schoolhouse Point, Cottonwood...

In November of 1992, at the request of the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted an evaluation of a portion of AZ T:3:79(ASM). Subsurface testing was performed because proposed road modifications had the potential to impact the cultural resources present. Testing was limited to a 5 m right-of-way on either side of the existing road. The objectives were to define the nature and extent of any buried cultural material and make recommendations...

In November of 1992, at the request of the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted an evaluation of a portion of AZ T:3:79(ASM). Subsurface testing was performed because proposed road modifications had the potential to impact the cultural resources present. Testing was limited to a 5 m right-of-way on either side of the existing road. The objectives were to define the nature and extent of any buried cultural material and make recommendations...

In the mid-1990s, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) completed a survey of Lake Pleasant Regional Park. The survey was undertaken to identify all cultural resources within the Park, which was acquired by Reclamation as part of construction of New Waddell Dam. In the intervening years, the Park has seen continued and increasing recreational use. In the 11 years since it completed the survey of the Park, Reclamation has monitored activity at nine of the 183 sites in the Park with the...

In the mid-1990s, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) completed a survey of Lake Pleasant Regional Park. The survey was undertaken to identify all cultural resources within the Park, which was acquired by Reclamation as part of construction of New Waddell Dam. In the intervening years, the Park has seen continued and increasing recreational use. In the 11 years since it completed the survey of the Park, Reclamation has monitored activity at nine of the 183 sites in the Park with the...

In the mid-1990s, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) completed a survey of Lake Pleasant Regional Park. The survey was undertaken to identify all cultural resources within the Park, which was acquired by Reclamation as part of construction of New Waddell Dam. In the intervening years, the Park has seen continued and increasing recreational use. In the 11 years since it completed the survey of the Park, Reclamation has monitored activity at nine of the 183 sites in the Park with the...

In the mid-1990s, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) completed a survey of Lake Pleasant Regional Park. The survey was undertaken to identify all cultural resources within the Park, which was acquired by Reclamation as part of construction of New Waddell Dam. In the intervening years, the Park has seen continued and increasing recreational use. In the 11 years since it completed the survey of the Park, Reclamation has monitored activity at nine of the 183 sites in the Park with the...

In October 2007, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 39 known archaeological sites in the Agua Fria Conservation area within Lake Pleasant Regional Park to conduct condition assessments. ACS archaeologists documented the sites and evaluated their current state of preservation. This tDAR project contains photo documentation of the assessment work.

In October 2007, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 39 archaeological sites in the Agua Fria Conservation Area within Lake Pleasant Regional Park to conduct a condition assessment of these sites. The photo log for the project contains detailed information for the select project photos that were curated at the following tDAR URL: https://core.tdar.org/image/393011.

In 2007, Archaeological Consulting Services, Inc. (ACS) re-visited 39 known archaeological sites in the Agua Fria Conservation Area in Lake Pleasant Regional Park. ACS archaeologists documented and assessed the condition of the sites. This record includes select photos from the assessment work.

Maricopa Parks and Recreation Department (MCPRD) contracted SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to conduct a cultural resources inventory of the area of potential effects (APE) for the project area within Lake Pleasant Park, managed by the MCPRD on behalf of the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR). The project is located near Peoria, Maricopa and Yavapai Counties, Arizona and consists of a combined 0.2 acres. A Class III Survey was conducted on April 7th, 2023, and no archaeological sites or resources...

Maricopa Parks and Recreation Department (MCPRD) contracted SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to conduct a cultural resources inventory of the area of potential effects (APE) for the project area within Lake Pleasant Park, managed by the MCPRD on behalf of the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR). The project is located near Peoria, Maricopa and Yavapai Counties, Arizona and consists of a combined 0.2 acres. A Class III Survey was conducted on April 7th, 2023, and no archaeological sites or resources...

The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) reported a violation of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) in April 2003 when a petroglyph boulder was removed from Reclamation land. The boulder was located on a terrace edge overlooking the Agua Fria River north of Lake Pleasant, within archaeological site AZ T:4:157(ASM). A criminal investigation followed. The petroglyph boulder was recovered in September 2003. Subsequent to the investigation, Mr. Jon Czaplicki, Reclamation...

The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) reported a violation of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) in April 2003 when a petroglyph boulder was removed from Reclamation land. The boulder was located on a terrace edge overlooking the Agua Fria River north of Lake Pleasant, within archaeological site AZ T:4:157(ASM). A criminal investigation followed. The petroglyph boulder was recovered in September 2003. Subsequent to the investigation, Mr. Jon Czaplicki, Reclamation...

The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) reported a violation of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) in April 2003 when a petroglyph boulder was removed from Reclamation land. The boulder was located on a terrace edge overlooking the Agua Fria River north of Lake Pleasant, within archaeological site AZ T:4:157(ASM). A criminal investigation followed. The petroglyph boulder was recovered in September 2003. Subsequent to the investigation, Mr. Jon Czaplicki, Reclamation...

The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) reported a violation of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) in April 2003 when a petroglyph boulder was removed from Reclamation land. The boulder was located on a terrace edge overlooking the Agua Fria River north of Lake Pleasant, within archaeological site AZ T:4:157(ASM). A criminal investigation followed. The petroglyph boulder was recovered in September 2003. Subsequent to the investigation, Mr. Jon Czaplicki, Reclamation...

In June 1986, the Bureau of Reclamation awarded a three-year contract for historical archaeological studies as part of the mitigation program for the Central Arizona Project's Regulatory Storage Division, designated as Plan 6. These studies involved investigations at approximately 50 archaeological sites in 7 localities. The sites were destroyed, damaged, or altered as a result of constructing Plan 6, which created a regulatory reservoir for the CAP as well as repaired or replaced other dams...

In June 1986, the Bureau of Reclamation awarded a three-year contract for historical archaeological studies as part of the mitigation program for the Central Arizona Project's Regulatory Storage Division, designated as Plan 6. This study focuses on reconstructing the social history of the workers and their families who lived in several temporary dam construction camps dating from the 1890s to 1940s. The first chapter discusses experience in managing the study during the first year of the...

In June 1986, the Bureau of Reclamation awarded a three year contract for historical archaeological studies as part of the mitigation program for the Central Arizona Project's Regulatory Storage Division, designated as Plan 6. This study focuses on reconstructing the social history of the workers and their families who lived in several temporary dam construction camps dating from the 1890s to 1940s. The first chapter discusses experience in managing the study during the second year of the...

In June 1986, the Bureau of Reclamation awarded Dames & Moore a contract for historical archaeological studies as part of the mitigation program for the Central Arizona Project's Regulatory Storage Division, designated as Plan 6. This study focused on reconstructing the social history of the workers and their families who lived in several temporary dam construction camps dating from the 1890s through the 1940s. This document, the first in a series of three volumes that constitute the final...

In June 1986 the Bureau of Reclamation awarded Dames & Moore a contract to conduct historical archaeology studies as part of the mitigation program for the Regulatory Storage Division (Plan 6) of the Central Arizona Project. Final reports on these studies are being issued in three volumes under the title The Historical Archaeology of Dam Construction Camps in Central Arizona. Volume 1 is a synthesis of the entire project. Volume 3 details laboratory methods. Volume 2 contains descriptions and...

In June 1986 the Bureau of Reclamation awarded Dames & Moore a contract to conduct historical archaeology studies as part of the mitigation program for the Regulatory Storage Division (Plan 6) of the Central Arizona Project. Final reports of these studies are being issued in three volumes. Volume I is a synthesis of the entire project. Volume 3 details laboratory methods. Volume 2 contains descriptions and interpretations of each of the sites studied at the seven localities investigated. This...

In June 1986 the Bureau of Reclamation awarded Dames & Moore a contract for historical archaeology studies as part of the mitigation program for the Regulatory Storage Division (Plan 6) of the Central Arizona Project. Final reports on these studies are being issued in three volumes under the title, The Historical Archaeology of Dam Construction Camps in Central Arizona. Volume 1: Synthesis (1994) summarizes the entire project, Volume 3 (1986) details laboratory methods, and Volume 2 (1994)...

In June 1986 the Bureau of Reclamation awarded Dames & Moore a contract for historical archaeological studies as part of the mitigation program for the Regulatory Storage Division (Plan 6) of the Central Arizona Project. This study focused on reconstructing the social history of the workers and their families who lived in several temporary dam construction camps dating from the 1890s to the 1940s. This is the third (of three) volumes of the final technical report. This volume summarizes the...

In June 1986 the Bureau of Reclamation awarded Dames & Moore a contract for historical archaeological studies as part of the mitigation program for the Regulatory Storage Division (Plan 6) of the Central Arizona Project. While investigating dam construction camps along the Agua Fria River near Lake Pleasant, we discovered remnants of a late nineteenth century hydraulic mining complex along Humbug Creek. The southern portion of this complex is within the flood pool of the New Waddell Dam. This...

In June 1986, the Bureau of Reclamation awarded a three-year contract to Dames & Moore to undertake historical archaeological studies as part of the mitigation program for the Regulatory Storage Division (Plan 6) of the Central Arizona Project. This report presents a plan for guiding this research which will investigate about 45 archaeological sites. The proposed primary goal is to produce a social history of life in temporary construction camps at seven major water storage dams built in central...

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) identified the need for an in-depth study of ranching and homesteading in Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP). At Reclamation’s request, Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS) undertook this current study, which builds upon previous research and investigations sponsored by Reclamation that indicated that the ranching history was an important historic context for the area. This project includes: (1) archival research into the history of ranching in the...

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) identified the need for an in-depth study of ranching and homesteading in Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP). At Reclamation’s request, Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS) undertook this current study, which builds upon previous research and investigations sponsored by Reclamation that indicated that the ranching history was an important historic context for the area. This project includes: (1) archival research into the history of ranching in the...

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) identified the need for an in-depth study of ranching and homesteading in Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP). At Reclamation’s request, Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS) undertook this current study, which builds upon previous research and investigations sponsored by Reclamation that indicated that the ranching history was an important historic context for the area. This project includes: (1) archival research into the history of ranching in the...

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) identified the need for an in-depth study of ranching and homesteading in Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP). At Reclamation’s request, Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS) undertook this current study, which builds upon previous research and investigations sponsored by Reclamation that indicated that the ranching history was an important historic context for the area. This project includes: (1) archival research into the history of ranching in the...

In the summers of 1979 and 1980, Arizona State University (ASU) conducted a cultural resources survey of Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP) (Rice and Bostwick 1986). The completion of New Waddell Dam in 1993, increasing recreational development, and new park boundaries spurred the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) to survey the park. Reclamation performed the new survey on their land to fulfill their Section 110 requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act. Upon completion of the...

In the summers of 1979 and 1980, Arizona State University (ASU) conducted a cultural resources survey of Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP) (Rice and Bostwick 1986). The completion of New Waddell Dam in 1993, increasing recreational development, and new park boundaries spurred the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) to survey the park. Reclamation performed the new survey on their land to fulfill their Section 110 requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act. Upon completion of the...

In August and September 2010, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 52 sites in Lake Pleasant Regional Park. ACS archaeologists relocated the sites and site boundaries, and documented the sites' conditions. This project contains select photographic documentation of the relocation work.

In August and September 2010, Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS) re-visited 52 sites in Lake Pleasant Regional Park to relocate them and to assess their conditions. The photo log for the project contains detailed information for the select project photos. You can find the photos here: https://core.tdar.org/image/393022.

In August and September 2010, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 52 sites in Lake Pleasant Regional Park to relocate the sites and assess their conditions. This record contains select photos that document the relocation work.

In January 2012, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 8 sites in Lake Pleasant Regional Park. ACS archaeologists relocated the sites and site boundaries, and assessed the sites' current conditions. This project contains a select photographic record of the relocation work.

In January 2012, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 8 archaeological sites in Lake Pleasant Regional Park to relocate the sites and to assess their conditions. The photo log for the project contains detailed information for the select project photos. The photos can be found here: https://core.tdar.org/image/393026.

In January 2012, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 8 sites in Lake Pleasant Regional Park to relocate the sites and to assess their conditions. This record contains select photos that document the relocation work.

In November and December 2009, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 41 sites in Lake Pleasant Regional Park. ACS archaeologists documented the sites and assessed their current state of preservation. This project contains photo documentation of the assessment work.

In November and December 2009, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) re-visited 41 sites in Lake Pleasant Regional Park to evaluate the sites' conditions. The photo log for the project contains detailed information for the select project photos. The photos can be found at: https://core.tdar.org/image/393019.

In November and December 2009, Archaeological Consulting Services, Inc. (ACS) re-visited 41 known archaeological sites in Lake Pleasant Regional Park. ACS archaeologists documented and assessed the condition of the sites. This record includes select photos from the assessment work.

In the early 2000's, Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP or the Park) was in an undeveloped portion of Maricopa County, Arizona. Population growth in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area over the past 30 years, however, resulted in the expansion of new housing developments along the edges of the city. It was increasingly clear that the park was becoming part of an urban landsape, and that the park's resources were experiencing increased impacts. In 2004, Archaeological Consulting Services,...

In 2004, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) produced the Cultural Resources Management Plan for Lake Pleasant Regional Park to provide management recommendations to Maricopa County, AZ and the Bureau of Reclamation. The project synthesized information about the cultural resources in the park, and set forth policies and procedures to protect and manage them efficiently. The following images are selected photos taken during the course of the project. Please see image photo log...

Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP or the Park) was in an undeveloped portion of Maricopa County, Arizona. However, population growth exploded in the Phoenix area in the past 30 years and new housing developments expanded and are still expanding ever northward. It is just a matter of time before the Park becomes part of the Valley of the Sun's crowded urban landscape. With an expansion in population will come an increase in land use demands and resource impacts. The purpose of the Cultural...

In 2004, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) produced the Cultural Resources Management Plan for Lake Pleasant Regional Park to provide management recommendations to Maricopa County, AZ and the Bureau of Reclamation. The project synthesized information about the cultural resources in the park, and set forth policies and procedures to protect and manage them efficiently. This document is the photo log for a series of photos during the course of this project. Please see the selected...

The Lower Verde Archaeological Project (LVAP) was a four-year data recovery project conducted by Statistical Research, Inc. (SRI) in the lower Verde River region of central Arizona. The project was designed to mitigate any adverse effects to cultural resources from modifications to Horseshoe and Bartlett Dams. The Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona Project’s Office sponsored the research program in compliance with historic preservation legislation. The LVAP’s...

The Vanishing Rivers Appendices document contains all of the LVAP Vanishing River appendices. First, it presents a table of contents list of all appendices and referenced figures and tables. The document then provides each of the appendices associated with Vanishing River Volumes 1 - 3 (the pdf electronic volumes) and those associated with Vanishing River Volume 4 (the companion book).

This document is a guide that describes the creation of Volumes 1 through 3 in electronic format, and that outlines the use of the electronic resources as originally presented on CD. It does contain some information that future users may find useful in working with the pdf files. For example, it contains very helpful information regarding the organization of information. It also contains a guide that explains how to cite all of the resources in these documents properly.

The Vanishing River List of Figures, Plates, Vessels, and Tables contains a table-of-contents style list for all figures, photos, and tables referenced in the Vanishing River volumes.

The Vanishing River Table of Contents document presents the titles of all report volumes (1 - 4) and the titles of all chapters and major chapter sections in the Vanishing River report series. Please note that the Vanishing River List of Figures, Plates, Vessels, and Tables is a separate document that can be located here: http://core.tdar.org/document/372141.

The Scorpion Point site is located on a remnant of a Pleistocene terrace about 37 m above the Verde River. Researchers began the fieldwork expecting to find no more than a dozen pit houses representing a few small pre-Classic period farmsteads scattered along the terrace above the Verde River. Instead, they found the remains of a ball court village with at least 50, and perhaps as many as 300, pit houses. At the conclusion of fieldwork at Scorpion Point Village, archaeologists with the Lower...

Volume 1, Part 2 summarizes archaeological data recovery and results of work at four sites (CTC, Two Farms, Middendrum, and Dam View) located in area south of Bartlett Dam along the lower Verde River. Originally, the research plan outlined a testing program for a sample of seven sites in the area. Flooding and associated erosion along the Verde River during the field season made it almost impossible to support excavation crews at the small sites situated on narrow remnants of terraces on the...

Volume 1, Part 3 describes archaeological data recovery and summary results from work at several Classic period farmstead sites and a few multicomponent hamlet/village sites in the Horseshoe Basin area of the lower Verde River. The Lone Juniper site, Usedtobe Ruin, and the Little House site are farmstead sites located within 1 km of one another on Pleistocene terraces above the Verde River floodplain. Excavation at these sites uncovered small rectangular domestic rooms, masonry walls, remnants...

The environmental summary presented in Volume 2 forms a backdrop for examining the settlement and subsistence history and dynamics of the lower Verde region (see Volume 4). Because of its geographically and culturally transitional position between major culture areas, the Verde River valley has remained an archaeological and historical enigma. The same can be said with regard to environmental information, for the valley has been less intensively studied than other areas of central Arizona, and...

Volume 2, Part 2 provides the results of detailed research on prehistoric agricultural systems and sites in the LVAP area. Chapter 4 presents the results of SRI’s field investigations at Classic period dry-farming agricultural fields and associated field houses in an almost-300-acre area west of Horseshoe Dam. This area encompasses the hilly and gently undulating to nearly flat terrain of basalt flows, terraces, and escarpments west of the Verde River floodplain. Within this large area, 23...

Chapter 8 discusses data from macrofossil and flotation samples from village, hamlet, farmstead, and field house settings along the lower Verde River. Chapter 9 treats the pollen and phytoliths that were isolated from sediment samples collected in a variety of agricultural features including rock piles and alignments, terraces, and field houses, in addition to habitation features such as hearths, living floors, middens, and roasting pits in the LVAP area. The overall goal of these analyses...

Volume 3 of the Lower Verde Archaeological Project (LVAP) treats the material culture recovered during data recovery efforts at the Pre-Classic and Classic period sites in the project area. Volume 3, Part 1 describes the ceramic assemblages collected during LVAP field work, and provides results of stylistic and technological analysis performed on the colllections. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the analytic methods used for ceramics and the characteristics of LVAP ceramic collections. It...

This chapter presents the analysis of flaked and ground stone artifacts from LVAP. It is divided into three sections. First, the analytic methods are presented. Second, an overview of lithic sourcing, technology, and typology is presented. Third, descriptions of the lithic collections from the project sites are provided. The chapter closes with discussion and conclusions. Detailed analytic methods are provided in appendixes. Specific attributes and definitions are provided in Appendix M....

Volume 3, Part 3 continues the presentation of the material culture analysis recovered from Pre-Classic and Classic period sites investigated during the LVAP. Chapter 8 describes the shell artifacts collected from archaeological sites and activity areas in the project area. The Lower Verde Archaeological Project excavations produced a shell collection of 1,280 pieces from eight sites. It is estimated that this represents approximately 635 individual artifacts and unworked fragments or whole...

Volume 3, Part 4 of the LVAP report discusses the mortuary remains encountered during the project's investigations. Chapter 10 describes the human skeletal and dental remains uncovered during data recovery efforts at three archaeological sites: Roadhouse Ruin (AZ U:2:73/167), Scorpion Point Village (AZ U:2:80/819), and CTC site (AZ U:2:95/1134). The chapter treats both inhumations and cremations. Note that the chapter does not describe mortuary features or burial treatment.

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the synthesis of the Lower Verde Archaeological Project. Whittlesey and Ciolek-Torello describe the project's environmental context, with a focus on the Verde River and its surrounding landscape. They also offer a brief introduction to the people who inhabited and used this landscape. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the research themes that guided archaeological data recovery and interpretation of the lower Verde River area.

In chapter 2, Whittlesey discusses some of the intellectual history of landscape theory and defines a landscape approach. She then considers the definition of archaeological landscapes. Finally, she discusses the utility of archaeological landscapes for interpreting both the prehistory and history of an area.

In Chapter 3, Whittlesey provides a description of the current state of the Verde River and discusses the history of intensive landscape modifications to the Verde and other rivers in central and southern Arizona (including the Salt, Gila, Colorado, Little Colorado, San Pedro, and Santa Cruz) . She first reviews archaeological and documentary evidence for changes to Arizona's riverine environments in both the prehistoric and historic periods. She focuses on accounts from the Spanish Colonial...

In Chapter 4, Whittlesey presents a thorough summary of archaeological research and intellectual history in central Arizona. The author's goal is to situate the LVAP research in the context of central Arizona archaeology. Whittlesey provides histories of the research that has been conducted in the Verde drainage, the Tonto Basin, the Agua Fria drainage, and the Phoenix Basin. She concludes with a summary of the research trajectories and the different explanatory models applied to central...

In Chapter 5, Whittlesey and Benaron provide a synthesis of the ethnohistoric data and archaeological evidence for Yavapai and Western occupation of central Arizona. The authors summarize available information on Yavapai and Apache domestic remains and material culture to assist identification in the archaeological record. They also describe subsistence and land use patterns.

This chapter reviews archaeological evidence for Yavapai and Western Apache occupation of central Arizona. Whittlesey begins with a description of the only site – Site 66//1157 -- in the LVAP project area to present clearly identified Yavapai or Western Apache material culture. She also discusses the archaeological data from the Yavapai construction camps at Bartlett and Horseshoe Dams. Whittlesey then provides an overview of archaeological evidence for Yavapai and for Western Apache archaeology...

Chapter 7 documents two previously unpublished events that have figured prominently in Yavapai and Western Apache archaeology in central Arizona. First, Ferg details the Goodwin and Sayles 1937 Verde Survey. He argues that this three-day trip into the Verde Valley in the fall of 1937 marks the beginnings of ethnoarchaeological studies of the Western Apache. He provides thorough descriptions of all the sites located during the survey in an effort to differentiate Yavapai and Western Apache...

In Chapter 8, Whittlesey and her co-authors discuss the historical events and the cultural processes that shaped the use and occupation of central Arizona after AD 1540. The authors focus on broad trends in politics, economics, and the environment that contributed to changes in land-use patterns. They center their discussion on Euro-American populations, but also consider indigenous populations living on reservations. Furthermore, the authors examine patterns in the relations between...

In Chapter 9, Van West and Altshcul examine late prehistoric period agriculture in the Transition Zone of central Arizona, and consider how agricultural production influenced population zone in this area. They begin with a description of the Transition Zone’s environmental context. They then present evidence for prehistoric agriculture in the LVAP project area. These authors use these data to model potential agricultural productivity in Horseshoe Basin. Next, they model the population sizes on...

Chapter 10 presents results from a ceramic seriation of undecorated pottery to identify temporally-sensitive attributes. Montogomery and Whittlesey describe their analysis of particular undecorated pottery attributes, which were selected based on their potential sensitivity to temporal change. They identify several attributes that are particularly sensitive to time: temper, slip, and polish. They also note several other variables that display slight variation through time. These authors propose...

In Chapter 11, Whittlesey describes the production and distribution of prehistoric ceramics in the lower Verde Valley. She then compares these patterns to similar data from the Agua Fria drainage and the Tonto Basin. Finally, she suggests that production and distribution patterns of ceramics in central Arizona may be better explained with a ceramic environment approach, which highlights the relationships between the landscape and the human use of resources. Whittlesey’s proposed approach centers...

In Chapter 12, Deaver summarizes research on the chronology of archaeological sites, features, and material remains in the LVAP project area. He begins with a synthetic discussion of the chronologic sequence in the Verde Valley area. He then presents data for the chronologic assignment of archaeological features and sites investigated during the LVAP. Next, Deaver discusses a comparison of the chronologic sequence in the Verde Valley to the sequence in the Hohokam core area in order to evaluate...

Chapter 13 addresses changes in social organization from the pre-Classic to Classic periods in the lower Verde Valley through an examination of changes in domestic space. First, Klucas and co-authors identify the nature (i.e., composition, arrangement, size) of the domestic residential units that occupied the prehistoric settlements. They then examine differences in these variables between different settlements (e.g., between large settlements and small farmsteads) and across time periods. These...

In Chapter 14, Ciolek-Torello presents one of the first full syntheses of indigenous settlement and demographic patterns in the Verde Valley, without reference to interaction in the Hohokam core area. He begins with a summary of prehistoric settlement patterns from pre-ceramic periods through the Late Classic period across the entire Transition Zone of central Arizona. He then characterizes settlement systems in the lower Verde Valley through time and describes the archaeological sites and...

In Chapter 15, Whittlesey reviews the Hohokam core-periphery model in light of the new data generated by the LVAP. She begins with a description of the intellectual history and the key concepts of the Hohokam core-periphery model and the Hohokam regional system model. She then examines the utility of the core-periphery model for explaining current data on Hohokam prehistory. After reviewing the distribution of several quintessential Hohokam traits among sites in the “core” and in the...

In Chapter 16, Reid considers the impact that a return to questions about migration, population movement, and ethnic identity has on the interpretation of Arizona’s prehistory. He begins with an intellectual history of migration research in the Southwest, and offers perspective on the strength of making inferences about migration with archaeological data. He uses the arguments for migration at Grasshopper as an example of building such inferences. Reid then advances into a discussion of...

Chapter 17 highlights the full scope of the LVAP as a big project and places it in the context of other big archaeological projects. Altschul begins with historical sketches over other large archaeological projects, ranging from WPA efforts to the River Basin Surveys to large NSF-funded research. He then provides a history of the LVAP to illustrate how a large CRM-based project is conducted. He concludes with a discussion of four components that he defines as critical to the ultimate success of...

Chapter 18 provides a summary of the LVAP’s research themes and offers an overview of the research results. Ciolek-Torello synthesizes the chronology and cultural sequence of the lower Verde Valley. He places this sequence and its cultural developments in the context of other cultural sequences in central and southern Arizona. Whittlesey then summarizes the argument for an indigenous cultural tradition in the Transition Zone of central Arizona, one with roots in Mogollon prehistory and with...

Chapter 19 summarizes and compares the prehistoric, historic-period Yavapai and Western Apaches, and Euroamerican landscapes. Whittlesey considers the land-based units (i.e., domestic space, food production spaces, ritual spaces) that define interaction with the landscape during each of these cultural historical periods and attempts to identify landmarks associated with these units. She focuses on the following units: territorial boundaries, agricultural landscapes, procurement spaces, dwelling...

Chapter 20 provides a brief retrospective of the LVAP. Altschul and the other authors discuss changes to the archaeological data recovery efforts and re-orientation of theoretical perspectives that took place over the six years of the project. They conclude with an overview of the project’s results and its implications for the prehistory and history of the Southwest.

This document contains the references cited for the Lower Verde Archaeological Project summary volume. It also provides a list of contributors and a brief summary of Statiscal Research, Inc. and its mission.

This report presents the results of an experimental study of ceramics from the Lower Verde Archaeological Project (LVAP) designed to test the effectiveness of inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICPS) as a tool for sourcing the locale of ceramic manufacture. A major theme of LVAP research was to explore the parameters of human interaction and exchange within the lower Verde region and adjacent areas of desert Arizona (Ciolek-Torrello et al. 1992). It is necessary to understand...

This report is focused on the rock art present at a small ridge top agricultural locality in the lower Verde Valley near Horseshoe Dam known as the Crash Landing site, AZ U:2:78/01-278. Four boulders that exhibited over 24 petroglyph design elements were found at this site, as well as numerous other cultural features including a two-room isolated masonry field house and a large agricultural complex with rock piles, contour terraces, and boundary walls. The research design for the Lower...

The goal of the present study is to identify the provenance of ceramics recovered from the Lower Verde Archaeological Project (LVAP) sites on the basis of the temper found within them (Ciolek-Torrello et al. 1992:III-75 to III-85). The focus of this attached report is on sand temper used in pottery vessels. Ceramic wares and/or types produced within the study area are distinguished from those imported from other areas. A reconnaissance sample of wash sands from the lower Verde River area was...

At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) exhumed three historic burials encountered near the Tonto Basin Ranger Station at Roosevelt Lake, Arizona. Two historic graves had been disturbed during the excavation of a waterline trench, and a subsequent backhoe investigation confirmed the presence of a third burial. The cemetery was assigned site number AR-03-12-06-299(USFS).

During the summer of 1988, archaeologists from Archaeological Consulting Services of Tempe, Arizona, conducted an archaeological survey of 220 acres in the vicinity of Lake Pleasant Regional Park located northwest of Phoenix. This survey was conducted in order to provide inventory and assessment of the cultural resources that might be affected by the proposed exchange of this parcel to the Maricopa County Water Conservation District by the Bureau of Reclamation. This survey resulted in the...

During the summer of 1988, archaeologists from Archaeological Consulting Services of Tempe, Arizona, conducted an archaeological survey of seven miles of 250-foot wide road right-of-way in Lake Pleasant Regional Park located northwest of Phoenix. This survey was conducted in order to provide inventory and assessment of the cultural resources that might be affected by the construction of additional internal roads within the park boundary. This survey resulted in the identification of nine...

This report documents the results of a testing program completed by SWCA, Inc. Environmental Consultants in August of 1990 in anticipation of the modification of Bartlett Dam. Modifications to the dam were planned as part of the Central Arizona Project's Regulatory Storage Division (Plan 6) and the Safety of Dams Project. During the month of April, 1990, archaeologists from Northland Research, Inc. conducted an archaeological survey of approximately 929 acres located on the Lower Verde River...

At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix Area Office, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted an intensive Class III cultural resources survey of approximately 1,700 acres of the Lower Verde Area around the perimeter of Bartlett Reservoir on the Tonto National Forest. Approximately 150 acres of the project area were inaccessible due to either the elevated level of Bartlett Reservoir or steep terrain. This survey identified 108 sites, which far exceeded original...

This final report reflects a year of on-call Class III cultural resource surveys for Plan 6, the Regulatory Storage Division of the Central Arizona Project. Included are eight reports representing close to 6000 acres of survey performed in the vicinity of the planned New Waddell Dam by Archaeological Consulting Services for the Arizona Projects Office, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Because New Waddell Dam is designed to be rock filled, one of the focal points of the contract was to survey proposed...

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. AZ-25 presents a written historical summary and relevant historical documentation about the construction and use of Bartlett Dam, which impounds the Verde River 50 miles northeast of Phoenix, Arizona to create Bartlett Reservoir. The report contains a narrative description, photographs, drawings, and maps. The Bartlett Dam is a major component of the Salt River Project's water supply system that provides Verde River water for agricultural,...

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. AZ-24 presents a written historical summary and relevant historical documentation about the construction and use of Horseshoe Mesa Dam, which impounds the Verde River 66 miles northeast of Phoenix, Arizona to create Horseshoe Reservoir. The report contains a narrative description, photographs, drawings, and maps. Horseshoe Dam is located at a topographical bend in the Verde River about forty miles north of the confluence of the Verde with the...

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. AZ-6 examines the origins and construction of Theodore Roosevelt Dam, the first major project to increase the Salt River Valley's water supply beyond that available from the "normal flow" of the Salt River in south-central Arizona. Sponsored by the Arizona Projects Office of the Bureau of Reclamation, this HAER documentation was undertaken because the Roosevelt Dam was dramatically altered in the early 1990s. The alteration served to increase the...